Urine PDF - Physiology of Urine Production

 URINE - Kidneys remove urea from blood through tiny filtering units called nephrons. ★ The waste product of kidney - each nephron consists of a ball formed of small ★ Contai...

 URINE - Kidneys remove urea from blood through tiny filtering units called nephrons. ★ The waste product of kidney - each nephron consists of a ball formed of small ★ Contains 95% water and 5% nitrogenous blood capillaries, called a glomerulus, and a small waste and inorganic salts tube called a renal tube. ★ Kidney - organ involved in the elimination Two ureters - narrow tube that carry urine from of water, salts, and other waste products the kidneys to the bladder of metabolism. - Muscles in the ureter walls continually Anatomy of the Kidneys and Urinary System tighten and relax forcing urine downward, away from the kidneys. - If urine backs up, or is allowed to stand still, kidney infection can develop. - About 10 to 15 seconds, small amounts of urine are emptied into the bladder from the ureters Urinary Bladder - triangle-shape, hollow organ located in the lower abdomen - Held in pace by ligaments that are attached to other organ and pelvic bones - Bladder’s wall relax and expand to store urine, and contract and flatten to empty urine through the urethra. ★ The body takes nutrients from food and - Typical healthy adult bladder can store up converts them to energy, and the waste to 2 cups of urine for 2-5 hours product are left behind in the bowel and in Two Sphincter Muscles - circular muscles that the blood. help urine from leaking by closing tightly like a ★ Urinary system keeps the chemicals and rubber band around the opening of the bladder. water in balance by removing a type of Nerves in the Bladder - alert a person when it is waste called urea, from the blood time to urinate ★ Urea is produced when foods containing Urethra - tube that allows urine to pass outside proteins, and certain vegetables, are the body broken down in the body. - The brain signal the bladder muscles to ★ Urea is carried in the bloodstream to the tighten, which squeezes urine out of the kidneys bladder. Urinary system parts and their functions - At the same time, the brain signal the Two kidneys - pair of purplish-brown organs sphincter muscles to relax to let urine exit located belows the ribs toward the middle of the the bladder through the urethra back - When all the signals occur in the correct Functions: order, normal urination occurs. 1. Remove liquid waste from the blood in the Urine Formation form of urine 1. Blood filtration 2. Keep a stable balance of salts and other 2. Glomerular filtration substances in the blood 3. Tubular filtration 3. Produce erythropoietin, a hormone that 4. Tubular secretion aids the formation of red blood cells.  5. Concentration and dilution - Factors that can affect: dehydration, food, 6. Urine formation medication, and medical condition 7. Storage and excretion Specific gravity - ranges from 1.015 - 1.025 Factors affecting/influecning specific gravity 1. Amount of solid and fluid intake 2. Time of the day 3. Pathological condition : diabetes Transparency/ turbidity - normal urine is clear and transparent - Can range from clear to slightly cloudy, cloudy, and opaque Physical Properties of Urine - excess/increase in turbidity is due to the Volume - average adult output in 24 hrs is presence of suspended particles in the 1000-1500 mL urine which can be determined by the result of microscopic tests done on the Factors affecting the volume urine sediments. 1. Nature of food and the amount of fluid Common causes of turbidity intake 1. Increase of cells 2. Temperature and humidity 2. Urinary tract infection (UTI) 3. Mental excitement 3. obstructions 4. Diarrhea and excessive vomiting pH - 4.8 - 8; average pH is 6 5. Pathological condition : diabetes - Variation of urine pH may be because of Color - normally has an amber yellow color diet Clear - overhydrated - High protein diet = more acidic urine Light yellow - well-hydrated and has low - Vegetarian diet = more alkaline urine specific gravity Composition of Urine Darker colors - may indicate how Water dehydrated; has high glucose and high Nitrogenous organic compounds specific gravity 1. Urea Other colors - may be due to food or 2. Uric acid medicine 3. Creatine Pigments 4. Creatinine Urochrome - responsible for yellowish color of 5. Ammonia the urine/ in high concentration 6. Hippuric acid Uroerythrin - responsible for the red color 7. indican formation of the urine Non-nitrogenous organic compounds Urobilin - responsible for the orange-yellow color Inorganic salts of the urine. 1. Chlorides Factors affecting the color 2. Phosphates 1. Food 3. Na and K 2. drugs 4. Mg and Ca Odor - aromatic odor Pathological constituent of Urine - Fresh urine: mild smell Proteinuria - also known as albuminuria - Aged urine: odor is similar to ammonia  - Presence of too much protein or albumin Diabetes Insipidus: This is a rare condition in urine: normal urine does not have where the kidneys cannot conserve water persistent protein in significant quantities properly, leading to excessive thirst and urination. Glycosuria - glucose in the urine, seen most It occurs due to a lack of antidiuretic hormone frequently in individuals suffering from diabetes (ADH) or a resistance to it, which normally helps mellitus the kidneys retain water. Symptoms include Ketonuria - presend of ketone bodies frequent urination and extreme thirst. Hematuria - red blood cells in the urine Diabetes Mellitus: This is the more common Pyuria - leukocytes in the urine form of diabetes, characterized by high blood Bacteriuria - bacteria in the urine; counts of 5000 sugar (glucose) levels due to problems with or more per mL of urine indicated UTI insulin production or action. There are two types: Test for kidney efficiency 1. Water output test Type 1 diabetes: The body doesn't produce 2. Concentration test insulin. 3. Urea clearance test Type 2 diabetes: The body doesn't respond to 4. phenolsulfonphthalein insulin properly or doesn't produce enough.