Aldehydes and Ketones

What is the boiling point of liquid formaldehyde?

−21°C

What is the main reason behind the solubility of formaldehyde in water?

Hydrogen bonding between water molecules and its hydrate

What is the name of the reaction that involves the reduction of acetyl chloride with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst?

Rosenmund's reaction

What is the use of the 40% solution of formaldehyde?

As a disinfectant, germicide and antiseptic

What is the name of the compound that is prepared using formaldehyde and is used as an antiseptic and germicide?

Urotropine

What is the reaction that involves the heating of a mixture of calcium acetate and calcium formate to produce formaldehyde?

Heating of calcium acetate and calcium formate

What is the primary purpose of the Oxo process?

To prepare aldehydes

What happens when two molecules of carboxylic acids react together?

A cross-aldol reaction occurs

What catalyst is used in the Wacker process?

PdCl2

What is the byproduct of the decarboxylation of formic acid?

Carbon dioxide and water

What is the name of the process that converts alkynes to aldehydes?

Hydruration

What is the purpose of using MnO in the decarboxylation of carboxylic acids?

To catalyze the reaction

What is the physical state of benzophenone?

Colourless, pleasant smelling solid

What is the reaction of benzophenone with potassium hydroxide?

It forms potassium benzoate and phenol

What is one of the uses of benzophenone?

As a sleep-producing drug

What is the product of the reaction of benzophenone with sodium amalgam?

Diphenyl carbinol

How can benzophenone be prepared from alkyl benzenes?

By reacting with nitric acid and sulphuric acid

What is not a characteristic property of the keto group exhibited by benzophenone?

It gives a bisulphite compound

What is the nature of the product formed in the addition reaction catalysed by a base?

Hemiacetal

Which type of ketones reacts with sodium bisulphite?

Aliphatic methyl ketones

What is the driving force for the formation of a cyanohydrin?

Presence of a base catalyst

What is the result of the addition reaction between an aldehyde and an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst?

Formation of a hemiacetal

What is the optically active compound that can be formed through the cyanohydrin reaction?

Alpha-hydroxy acid

What is the purpose of the addition reaction between a carbonyl compound and an alcohol?

To form a new compound with a hydroxyl group

What is the main reason for the difference in reactivity between aldehydes and ketones in nucleophilic addition reactions?

The inductive effect of the alkyl group in ketones

Why do ketones have slightly higher boiling points than their isomeric aldehydes?

Due to the presence of two electron-releasing groups around the carbonyl carbon

What is the effect of the alkyl group on the reactivity of carbonyl compounds?

It decreases the positive charge on the carbonyl carbon

What is the type of reaction that aldehydes and ketones readily undergo?

Nucleophilic addition reactions

What is the effect of the positive charge on the carbonyl carbon on the reactivity of carbonyl compounds?

A higher positive charge increases the reactivity

What is the reason for the higher reactivity of aldehydes compared to ketones?

The greater positive charge on the carbonyl carbon in aldehydes

What is the primary condition for alkylation to occur with RX in the presence of a base?

The carbonyl compound should have at least one α-hydrogen atom

What is the product of the aldol formation reaction?

An aldehyde

What is the role of the base in the alkylation reaction?

To facilitate the S N 2 reaction

What is the result of hyper-conjugation in crotonaldehyde?

Formation of a conjugated alkene carbonyl compound

What is the requirement for the organic compound used in the condensation reaction?

It should have an –I group

What is the second step of the alkylation reaction?

Dehydration of the aldol