Physical Pharmacy: States of Matter

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between intermolecular and intramolecular forces?

  • The direction of the forces
  • The location of the forces (correct)
  • The type of molecules involved
  • The strength of the forces

Which of the following is a result of the attraction of like molecules?

  • Cohesion (correct)
  • Intermolecular forces
  • Adhesion
  • Repulsion

What governs the balance of forces between two molecules?

  • The molecular weights of the molecules
  • The negatively charged electron clouds of the molecules (correct)
  • The neutral atomic cores of the molecules
  • The positively charged nuclei of the molecules

What is responsible for the three-dimensional structure of ice?

<p>Hydrogen bonds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of repulsive forces in molecular interactions?

<p>To prevent molecules from interpenetrating each other (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of intermolecular forces between two molecules?

<p>The molecules attract each other (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonds can exist between alcohol molecules?

<p>Hydrogen bonds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for the high boiling point of water?

<p>Hydrogen bonds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between intermolecular and intramolecular forces?

<p>Intermolecular forces are weaker than intramolecular forces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when the outer charge clouds of two molecules touch?

<p>The molecules repel each other (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the high electronegativity of the fluorine atom interacting with the positively charged hydrogen atom?

<p>Formation of a hydrogen-bonded polymer (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the attraction of unlike molecules?

<p>Adhesion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonds are responsible for the unusual properties of water?

<p>Hydrogen bonds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the association of non-polar groups with each other in aqueous solution called?

<p>Hydrophobic bond (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the state of matter characterized by atoms or molecules oscillating about fixed positions?

<p>Solid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of pressure mentioned in the content?

<p>dyne/cm² (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonds exist between iodine and water molecules?

<p>Dipole-dipole bonds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for the solubilization of iodine?

<p>Formation of an iodide complex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the temperature scale used to measure the behavior of gases?

<p>Kelvin scale (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of ideal gases?

<p>No intermolecular interaction exists and no energy is exchanged upon collision (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the volume occupied by 1 mole of an ideal gas at STP?

<p>22.414 L (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of R in the ideal gas equation PV = nRT?

<p>0.08205 L atm / (mol K) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pressure in atm of 780 mmHg?

<p>1.026 atm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the state of matter characterized by molecules traveling in random paths and colliding with each other and the container walls?

<p>Gas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of London forces in lipid bilayers?

<p>To provide fluidity and cohesiveness to the membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of van der Waals force is responsible for the solubility of iodide in a solution of potassium iodide?

<p>Ion-induced dipole forces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of van der Waals force that occurs between two neighboring neutral molecules?

<p>Induced dipole-induced dipole forces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ion-dipole forces in the solubility of ionic crystalline substances in water?

<p>They attract the ions to the water molecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of van der Waals force is responsible for the condensation of gases?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of van der Waals force that occurs between a permanent dipole and a non-polar molecule?

<p>Dipole-induced dipole forces (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of van der Waals force that occurs between two polar molecules?

<p>Dipole-dipole forces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of van der Waals forces in biological systems?

<p>To stabilize the structure of membranes and solubilize drugs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Binding Forces Between Molecules

  • Intermolecular forces are necessary for molecules to exist as aggregates in gases, liquids, and solids
  • Cohesion: the attraction of like molecules
  • Adhesion: the attraction of unlike molecules
  • Repulsion: a reaction between two molecules that forces them apart
  • Intermolecular forces are weaker than intramolecular forces

Types of Intermolecular Forces

  • Attractive forces: necessary for molecules to cohere
  • Repulsive forces: prevent molecules from interpenetrating each other
  • Van der Waals forces: weak forces associated with condensation of gases, complexes, and solubility of some drugs
    • Dipole-dipole forces (Keesom forces): present in dipolar molecules
    • Dipole-induced dipole forces (Debye forces): induction of electrical dipole in neighboring non-polar molecules
    • Induced dipole-induced dipole forces (London forces): induction of partial charge distributions in non-polar molecules
  • Ion-Dipole and Ion-Induced Dipole Forces: interactions between polar or non-polar molecules and ions
  • Hydrogen Bonds: interactions between molecules containing a hydrogen atom and a strongly electronegative atom
  • Hydrophobic bonds: association of non-polar groups with each other in aqueous solution

States of Matter

  • Gases, liquids, and crystalline solids are the three primary states of matter
  • Molecules, atoms, or ions in the solid state are held in close proximity by intermolecular, interatomic, or ionic forces
  • Atoms in the solid can oscillate only about fixed positions
  • As temperature increases, atoms or molecules pass into the liquid and then gaseous state

The Gaseous State

  • Important characteristics of gases:
    • Owing to vigorous and rapid motion, gas molecules travel in random paths and collide with each other and the container walls, exerting pressure
    • Volume is expressed in liters or cubic centimeters
    • Behavior is affected by temperature, measured in absolute or Kelvin scale
  • Ideal Gas:
    • Refers to an ideal situation where no intermolecular interaction exists and no energy is exchanged upon collision
    • Conditions at 0°C and 1 atm are called standard temperature and pressure (STP)
    • 1 mole of an ideal gas occupies 22.414 L at STP
    • PV = nRT

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