18 Questions
What is the basic unit of matter in physical pharmacy?
Atom
Which type of property depends on the sum of the individual properties of the components present in a system?
Additive Property
What is the type of bond formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms?
Ionic Bond
Which of the following is an example of an extensive property?
Volume
What is the study of the rates of chemical reactions?
Chemical Kinetics
Which type of property depends on the type and arrangement of the components present in a system?
Constitutive Property
What type of transition is reversible?
Enantiotropic
Which method of forming liquid crystals uses a solvent?
Lyotropic
What is the minimum pressure required to liquefy a gas at its critical temperature?
Critical pressure (Pc)
Which analytical technique is used to determine the crystal structure of a solid?
X-ray crystallography (powder [XRPD], single crystal)
What is the state of matter characterized by rapid motion and weak intermolecular forces?
Gas
What is the temperature above which a gas cannot be liquefied?
Critical temperature (Tc)
What is a characteristic of solids in terms of their kinetic energy?
They have very little kinetic energy and their atoms vibrate in fixed positions.
What is the difference between crystalline and amorphous solids in terms of solubility?
Amorphous solids have greater solubility and dissolution rates.
What is unique about the melting point of amorphous solids?
They have no definite melting point.
What is a characteristic of clathrates?
They lack reproducibility and are often avoided in large-scale manufacturing.
What is a characteristic of solvates in terms of solubility?
Hydrates have lesser aqueous solubility than anhydrous forms.
What is a characteristic of polymorphs?
They have multiple crystalline forms with different physical properties, including different melting points and solubilities.
Study Notes
Physical Pharmacy
- Physical pharmacy applies physical and chemical principles and laws to develop dosage forms and drug delivery systems.
Forces of Attraction
- Atoms are the basic units of matter, consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Intermolecular forces include:
- Ionic Bond: transfer of electrons
- Covalent Bond: sharing of electrons
- Polar (unequal sharing)
- Nonpolar (equal sharing)
Physical Properties of Systems
- Additive Property: depends on the sum of individual properties of components
- Constitutive Property: depends on the type and arrangement of components
- Colligative Property: depends on the number of components
- Types of Properties:
- Extensive/Extrinsic: depends on the size or amount of material (e.g., mass, volume, area)
- Intensive/Intrinsic: does not depend on the size or amount of material (e.g., density, melting point, boiling point)
States of Matter
- Solid: fixed shape, nearly incompressible, strong intermolecular forces, little kinetic energy
- Liquid: takes shape of container, incompressible, some kinetic energy
- Gas: fills available space, compressible, rapid motion, weak intermolecular forces
- Plasma (Mesophase/Liquid Crystal): intermediate phase between solid and liquid
- Types: Smectic, Nematic, Cholesteric
- Supercritical Fluid State: between liquid and gas
- Liquefaction of Gases: critical temperature (Tc) and critical pressure (Pc) determine liquefaction
Solids
- Crystalline Solids: have definite geometric forms, 6 common crystalline structures (cubic, tetragonal, etc.)
- Amorphous Solids (Glasses or Supercooled Liquids): non-crystalline, no definite order, no sharp melting point
- Clathrates: trap a molecule within its lattice, lack reproducibility
- Solvates: have a solvent within the lattice (e.g., hydrates)
- Polymorphs: have different physical properties, including melting points and solubilities
Assess your understanding of physical pharmacy concepts, including forces of attraction, states of matter, and chemical kinetics, as applied in pharmaceutical sciences and dosage form development. This quiz covers the essential topics in Module 5 of the Pharmacy Assessment Program at Saint Louis University.
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