Podcast
Questions and Answers
What defines a saturated solution?
What defines a saturated solution?
- It contains a solute concentration below saturation.
- It has solute in equilibrium with its undissolved phase. (correct)
- It can be produced at any temperature.
- It contains more solute than can typically dissolve.
Which term describes a solution with a concentration below the saturation point?
Which term describes a solution with a concentration below the saturation point?
- Concentrated solution
- Unsaturated solution (correct)
- Saturated solution
- Supersaturated solution
What factor does NOT influence the solubility of a drug?
What factor does NOT influence the solubility of a drug?
- Temperature of the solvent
- Molecular Size of the solute
- The amount of light exposure (correct)
- Particle Size of drug particles
Which of the following correctly defines a supersaturated solution?
Which of the following correctly defines a supersaturated solution?
Which of the following methods can affect the intrinsic solubility of a solute?
Which of the following methods can affect the intrinsic solubility of a solute?
How is solubility quantitatively defined?
How is solubility quantitatively defined?
Which factor is typically considered to have the least effect on solubility?
Which factor is typically considered to have the least effect on solubility?
What does molality describe in solubility?
What does molality describe in solubility?
Which statement about unsaturated solutions is incorrect?
Which statement about unsaturated solutions is incorrect?
What is the solubility status of water and oil?
What is the solubility status of water and oil?
Which combination shows a change in solubility after the addition of another substance?
Which combination shows a change in solubility after the addition of another substance?
How does heating affect the solubility of calcium hydroxide in water?
How does heating affect the solubility of calcium hydroxide in water?
Which of the following is true regarding sodium chloride in water?
Which of the following is true regarding sodium chloride in water?
What effect does pH have on penicillin G sodium solution?
What effect does pH have on penicillin G sodium solution?
What happens when water is mixed with ether and acetone?
What happens when water is mixed with ether and acetone?
What is the general effect of temperature on the solubility of solids in liquids?
What is the general effect of temperature on the solubility of solids in liquids?
Which of the following mixtures is considered miscible?
Which of the following mixtures is considered miscible?
Which solution is affected positively by the addition of sodium citrate?
Which solution is affected positively by the addition of sodium citrate?
Which characteristic describes the solubility of water and phenol?
Which characteristic describes the solubility of water and phenol?
Which type of solubility indicates that less than 0.1 mg/mL of solute can dissolve?
Which type of solubility indicates that less than 0.1 mg/mL of solute can dissolve?
What range of solubility is classified as 'sparingly soluble'?
What range of solubility is classified as 'sparingly soluble'?
What is the acceptable solubility for a substance classified as 'very soluble'?
What is the acceptable solubility for a substance classified as 'very soluble'?
Which of the following substances is assigned a solubility classification of 'insoluble' in ethanol?
Which of the following substances is assigned a solubility classification of 'insoluble' in ethanol?
What classification does a substance fall under if it has a solubility range of 100 – 1000 mg/mL?
What classification does a substance fall under if it has a solubility range of 100 – 1000 mg/mL?
Which term describes a drug that requires greater than 10,000 parts of solvent for one part of solute?
Which term describes a drug that requires greater than 10,000 parts of solvent for one part of solute?
In which solvent is ascorbic acid classified as 'sparingly soluble'?
In which solvent is ascorbic acid classified as 'sparingly soluble'?
Which of the following descriptions applies to substances that are defined as 'very slightly soluble'?
Which of the following descriptions applies to substances that are defined as 'very slightly soluble'?
What does a 'soluble' classification correspond to in solubility range?
What does a 'soluble' classification correspond to in solubility range?
What does the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) define as the solubility of drugs?
What does the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) define as the solubility of drugs?
What is a defining characteristic of an ideal solution?
What is a defining characteristic of an ideal solution?
What is a typical characteristic of a non-ideal solution?
What is a typical characteristic of a non-ideal solution?
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of understanding solubility for pharmacists?
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of understanding solubility for pharmacists?
How does solubility knowledge assist pharmacists with drug preparations?
How does solubility knowledge assist pharmacists with drug preparations?
In an ideal solution, what type of interactions occur among solvent and solute molecules?
In an ideal solution, what type of interactions occur among solvent and solute molecules?
What component of a non-ideal solution contributes to a change in enthalpy?
What component of a non-ideal solution contributes to a change in enthalpy?
Why are liquids in liquids and solids in liquids particularly important to pharmaceutical scientists?
Why are liquids in liquids and solids in liquids particularly important to pharmaceutical scientists?
What happens to the change in enthalpy when an ideal solution is formed?
What happens to the change in enthalpy when an ideal solution is formed?
Which of the following statements is true regarding solubility in pharmaceutical contexts?
Which of the following statements is true regarding solubility in pharmaceutical contexts?
Which type of interactions is consistent across all molecules in an ideal solution?
Which type of interactions is consistent across all molecules in an ideal solution?
What is the solubility status of water and peppermint oil with PPG?
What is the solubility status of water and peppermint oil with PPG?
Which combination demonstrates a lack of effect on solubility after the addition of the second substance?
Which combination demonstrates a lack of effect on solubility after the addition of the second substance?
What is the descriptive term for the solubility of water and oil?
What is the descriptive term for the solubility of water and oil?
How does the solubility of calcium hydroxide change with heating?
How does the solubility of calcium hydroxide change with heating?
What is the effect of pH on diphenhydramine hydrochloride syrup?
What is the effect of pH on diphenhydramine hydrochloride syrup?
Which of the following substances is soluble in water when combined with sodium citrate?
Which of the following substances is soluble in water when combined with sodium citrate?
What is the effect on the solubility of hydrous sodium sulfate in water after heating?
What is the effect on the solubility of hydrous sodium sulfate in water after heating?
What happens to the solubility of penicillin G sodium solution when 0.1N HCl is added?
What happens to the solubility of penicillin G sodium solution when 0.1N HCl is added?
What is the solubility status of water and ether with acetone?
What is the solubility status of water and ether with acetone?
What defines a saturated solution?
What defines a saturated solution?
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the effect of heating on solubility in the examples provided?
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the effect of heating on solubility in the examples provided?
Which of the following factors is considered to have the least impact on solubility?
Which of the following factors is considered to have the least impact on solubility?
What characterizes a supersaturated solution?
What characterizes a supersaturated solution?
Which statement about unsaturated solutions is correct?
Which statement about unsaturated solutions is correct?
Which of the following is NOT a common factor affecting the solubility of drugs?
Which of the following is NOT a common factor affecting the solubility of drugs?
How can the intrinsic solubility of a drug be altered?
How can the intrinsic solubility of a drug be altered?
What type of solution contains the dissolved solute in a concentration below that necessary for complete saturation?
What type of solution contains the dissolved solute in a concentration below that necessary for complete saturation?
Which of the following best describes how temperature affects solubility?
Which of the following best describes how temperature affects solubility?
What is the principal characteristic of solubility when it comes to drug particles?
What is the principal characteristic of solubility when it comes to drug particles?
Which solution type indicates that the solute can dissolve in very large quantities compared to the solvent?
Which solution type indicates that the solute can dissolve in very large quantities compared to the solvent?
What primary role does understanding solubility play for pharmacists?
What primary role does understanding solubility play for pharmacists?
What characterizes an ideal solution?
What characterizes an ideal solution?
What is the significance of the change in enthalpy when forming a non-ideal solution?
What is the significance of the change in enthalpy when forming a non-ideal solution?
Which type of solution is most relevant to everyday pharmaceutical applications?
Which type of solution is most relevant to everyday pharmaceutical applications?
Which scenario best describes the formation of an ideal solution?
Which scenario best describes the formation of an ideal solution?
What is essential for pharmacists to know when addressing solubility issues?
What is essential for pharmacists to know when addressing solubility issues?
Why are interactions in an ideal solution described as identical?
Why are interactions in an ideal solution described as identical?
What can be said about solubility in non-ideal solutions?
What can be said about solubility in non-ideal solutions?
How does an understanding of solubility assist in drug formulation?
How does an understanding of solubility assist in drug formulation?
What can be inferred about components in an ideal solution?
What can be inferred about components in an ideal solution?
Which classification of solubility indicates that a substance can dissolve in 1000 parts of solvent or less for one part of solute?
Which classification of solubility indicates that a substance can dissolve in 1000 parts of solvent or less for one part of solute?
What is the maximum solubility threshold for a substance to be classified as 'sparingly soluble'?
What is the maximum solubility threshold for a substance to be classified as 'sparingly soluble'?
Which of the following substances is classified as 'freely soluble' in distilled water?
Which of the following substances is classified as 'freely soluble' in distilled water?
How many parts of solvent are required for a substance to be termed 'very slightly soluble'?
How many parts of solvent are required for a substance to be termed 'very slightly soluble'?
A drug that has a solubility of less than 0.1 mg/mL in any solvent would be classified as what?
A drug that has a solubility of less than 0.1 mg/mL in any solvent would be classified as what?
Which solubility classification corresponds to a solubility range of 1 to 10 mg/mL?
Which solubility classification corresponds to a solubility range of 1 to 10 mg/mL?
For which of the following substances is 'insoluble' in chloroform?
For which of the following substances is 'insoluble' in chloroform?
What is the assigned solubility for a substance that is classified as 'slightly soluble'?
What is the assigned solubility for a substance that is classified as 'slightly soluble'?
Which term best describes a drug that requires greater than 10,000 parts of solvent for one part of solute?
Which term best describes a drug that requires greater than 10,000 parts of solvent for one part of solute?
Which of the following terms refers to a drug that can dissolve in 100 to 1000 parts of solvent?
Which of the following terms refers to a drug that can dissolve in 100 to 1000 parts of solvent?
A saturated solution contains less solute than an unsaturated solution at a given temperature.
A saturated solution contains less solute than an unsaturated solution at a given temperature.
Factors such as temperature and pH of the solution influence the solubility of drugs.
Factors such as temperature and pH of the solution influence the solubility of drugs.
A supersaturated solution can contain more solute than it normally would at a given temperature.
A supersaturated solution can contain more solute than it normally would at a given temperature.
The boiling point of a solvent does not affect the solubility of a solute.
The boiling point of a solvent does not affect the solubility of a solute.
Solubility is solely determined by the nature of the solute.
Solubility is solely determined by the nature of the solute.
An unsaturated solution is one that contains a concentration of solute below the saturation point.
An unsaturated solution is one that contains a concentration of solute below the saturation point.
Crystal properties of a solute can influence its solubility in a solvent.
Crystal properties of a solute can influence its solubility in a solvent.
Increased particle size of drug particles generally enhances their solubility.
Increased particle size of drug particles generally enhances their solubility.
Pressure has no effect on the solubility of solids in liquids.
Pressure has no effect on the solubility of solids in liquids.
Molarity is a quantitative expression of solubility.
Molarity is a quantitative expression of solubility.
An ideal solution has differences in the interactions between all molecules present.
An ideal solution has differences in the interactions between all molecules present.
Non-ideal solutions can have a change in enthalpy that is either positive or negative.
Non-ideal solutions can have a change in enthalpy that is either positive or negative.
Understanding solubility is essential for selecting the best solvent for drugs.
Understanding solubility is essential for selecting the best solvent for drugs.
The change in enthalpy when forming an ideal solution is approximately zero.
The change in enthalpy when forming an ideal solution is approximately zero.
Only solids in liquids are important to pharmaceutical scientists.
Only solids in liquids are important to pharmaceutical scientists.
A non-ideal solution exhibits identical solvent-solvent, solvent-solute, and solute-solute interactions.
A non-ideal solution exhibits identical solvent-solvent, solvent-solute, and solute-solute interactions.
Pharmacists do not require knowledge about the structure and intermolecular forces of drugs.
Pharmacists do not require knowledge about the structure and intermolecular forces of drugs.
The importance of mixtures in pharmaceuticals is limited to solid drugs only.
The importance of mixtures in pharmaceuticals is limited to solid drugs only.
A non-ideal solution can generally be expected to behave differently from an ideal solution.
A non-ideal solution can generally be expected to behave differently from an ideal solution.
Many drugs are formulated primarily as solids rather than liquids.
Many drugs are formulated primarily as solids rather than liquids.
Drugs with low aqueous solubility behave as ideal solutions.
Drugs with low aqueous solubility behave as ideal solutions.
The solubility of a substance classified as 'sparingly soluble' is defined within the range of 30 – 100 mg/mL.
The solubility of a substance classified as 'sparingly soluble' is defined within the range of 30 – 100 mg/mL.
Aluminum sulfate is classified as insoluble in distilled water.
Aluminum sulfate is classified as insoluble in distilled water.
A substance that requires more than 10,000 parts of solvent for one part of solute is defined as practically insoluble.
A substance that requires more than 10,000 parts of solvent for one part of solute is defined as practically insoluble.
Ascorbic acid has a solubility classification of insoluble in ethanol.
Ascorbic acid has a solubility classification of insoluble in ethanol.
The solubility term for a substance that can dissolve between 10 to 30 mg/mL is 'soluble'.
The solubility term for a substance that can dissolve between 10 to 30 mg/mL is 'soluble'.
Chloroform is classified as freely soluble for both ascorbic acid and calcium stearate.
Chloroform is classified as freely soluble for both ascorbic acid and calcium stearate.
A very slightly soluble substance can dissolve in the range of 0.1 to 1 mg/mL.
A very slightly soluble substance can dissolve in the range of 0.1 to 1 mg/mL.
The term 'slightly soluble' corresponds to a solubility range of 100 to 1000 mg/mL.
The term 'slightly soluble' corresponds to a solubility range of 100 to 1000 mg/mL.
The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) describes solubility as the parts of solute required for one part solvent.
The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) describes solubility as the parts of solute required for one part solvent.
Benzene and chloroform are considered immiscible liquids.
Benzene and chloroform are considered immiscible liquids.
The solubility of calcium hydroxide in water increases after heating.
The solubility of calcium hydroxide in water increases after heating.
Water and oil are classified as miscible in terms of solubility.
Water and oil are classified as miscible in terms of solubility.
The addition of sodium citrate makes aspirin more soluble in water.
The addition of sodium citrate makes aspirin more soluble in water.
Diphenhydramine hydrochloride syrup is more soluble in an acidic solution than in a basic solution.
Diphenhydramine hydrochloride syrup is more soluble in an acidic solution than in a basic solution.
Silver nitrate does not affect the solubility of sodium chloride in solution.
Silver nitrate does not affect the solubility of sodium chloride in solution.
Water and ether with acetone are considered immiscible.
Water and ether with acetone are considered immiscible.
Sodium chloride remains soluble in water when heated.
Sodium chloride remains soluble in water when heated.
The pH of a solution does not influence the solubility of penicillin G sodium solution.
The pH of a solution does not influence the solubility of penicillin G sodium solution.
Water and benzyl benzoate with PPG are miscible in solution.
Water and benzyl benzoate with PPG are miscible in solution.
A saturated solution contains less solute than it can normally hold at a given temperature.
A saturated solution contains less solute than it can normally hold at a given temperature.
Temperature has no effect on the solubility of a drug.
Temperature has no effect on the solubility of a drug.
An unsaturated solution can dissolve more solute at a certain temperature.
An unsaturated solution can dissolve more solute at a certain temperature.
Molecular size does not influence the solubility of a drug.
Molecular size does not influence the solubility of a drug.
A supersaturated solution contains less solute than a saturated solution.
A supersaturated solution contains less solute than a saturated solution.
Particle size affects the solubility of drug particles due to surface area.
Particle size affects the solubility of drug particles due to surface area.
Crystal properties can alter the intrinsic solubility of a substance.
Crystal properties can alter the intrinsic solubility of a substance.
A solution must always be at room temperature to determine saturation.
A solution must always be at room temperature to determine saturation.
An increase in pH generally decreases the solubility of some drugs.
An increase in pH generally decreases the solubility of some drugs.
An ideal solution exhibits differences in interactions between the molecules.
An ideal solution exhibits differences in interactions between the molecules.
The boiling point of a solvent does not influence solubility.
The boiling point of a solvent does not influence solubility.
The change in enthalpy when an ideal solution forms is approximately zero.
The change in enthalpy when an ideal solution forms is approximately zero.
Non-ideal solutions experience a uniform change in enthalpy upon formation.
Non-ideal solutions experience a uniform change in enthalpy upon formation.
Pharmaceutical scientists consider the importance of solids in liquids for everyday applications.
Pharmaceutical scientists consider the importance of solids in liquids for everyday applications.
A non-ideal solution has identical solvent-solvent, solvent-solute, and solute-solute interactions.
A non-ideal solution has identical solvent-solvent, solvent-solute, and solute-solute interactions.
Understanding solubility helps pharmacists select the best solvent for drug formulations.
Understanding solubility helps pharmacists select the best solvent for drug formulations.
The only types of solutions that are relevant to pharmaceutical scientists are gaseous mixtures.
The only types of solutions that are relevant to pharmaceutical scientists are gaseous mixtures.
Non-ideal solutions have solvent-solute interactions that are always uniform.
Non-ideal solutions have solvent-solute interactions that are always uniform.
Pharmacists need information about intermolecular forces to prepare pharmaceutical solutions effectively.
Pharmacists need information about intermolecular forces to prepare pharmaceutical solutions effectively.
Benzene and chloroform are considered immiscible.
Benzene and chloroform are considered immiscible.
Water and oil are described as miscible.
Water and oil are described as miscible.
Calcium hydroxide becomes more soluble when heated in water.
Calcium hydroxide becomes more soluble when heated in water.
The addition of sodium chloride affects the solubility of silver nitrate in water.
The addition of sodium chloride affects the solubility of silver nitrate in water.
Aspirin becomes more soluble in water after the addition of sodium citrate.
Aspirin becomes more soluble in water after the addition of sodium citrate.
Penicillin G sodium solution is less soluble in acidic conditions.
Penicillin G sodium solution is less soluble in acidic conditions.
Water mixed with ether and acetone is classified as immiscible.
Water mixed with ether and acetone is classified as immiscible.
Diphenhydramine hydrochloride syrup becomes less soluble in basic conditions.
Diphenhydramine hydrochloride syrup becomes less soluble in basic conditions.
Hydrous sodium sulfate maintains its solubility in water regardless of temperature changes.
Hydrous sodium sulfate maintains its solubility in water regardless of temperature changes.
Water and peppermint oil with PPG are miscible.
Water and peppermint oil with PPG are miscible.
Drugs with high aqueous solubility often present highly concentrated solutions.
Drugs with high aqueous solubility often present highly concentrated solutions.
The United States Pharmacopeia defines the solubility of drugs as parts of solute required for one part of solvent.
The United States Pharmacopeia defines the solubility of drugs as parts of solute required for one part of solvent.
A substance that is classified as 'sparingly soluble' has a solubility range of 30 – 100 mg/mL.
A substance that is classified as 'sparingly soluble' has a solubility range of 30 – 100 mg/mL.
Practically insoluble substances have a solubility less than 0.1 mg/mL.
Practically insoluble substances have a solubility less than 0.1 mg/mL.
Aluminum sulfate is classified as 'insoluble' in distilled water.
Aluminum sulfate is classified as 'insoluble' in distilled water.
Ethanol is considered a better solvent than ether for ascorbic acid due to its solubility classification.
Ethanol is considered a better solvent than ether for ascorbic acid due to its solubility classification.
The term 'very slightly soluble' corresponds to a solubility range of 0.1 – 1 mg/mL.
The term 'very slightly soluble' corresponds to a solubility range of 0.1 – 1 mg/mL.
Calcium stearate is classified as 'freely soluble' in ethanol.
Calcium stearate is classified as 'freely soluble' in ethanol.
A solubility classification of 'very soluble' indicates that 1,000 mg/mL or more of solute can dissolve.
A solubility classification of 'very soluble' indicates that 1,000 mg/mL or more of solute can dissolve.
Chloroform is classified as 'insoluble' for both aluminum sulfate and ascorbic acid.
Chloroform is classified as 'insoluble' for both aluminum sulfate and ascorbic acid.
Study Notes
Solubility of Drugs
- Solubility is the concentration of solute in a saturated solution at a specific temperature.
- Saturated solution: equilibrium between dissolved solute and undissolved solid.
- Unsaturated solution: solute concentration is below saturation point.
- Supersaturated solution: contains more solute than expected for that temperature.
- Solubility modifies with chemical changes in the solute or solvent.
Factors Affecting Solubility
- Particle size and surface area of the drug influence solubility.
- Molecular size impacts the interaction of solute and solvent molecules.
- Boiling points of liquids and melting points of solids are critical for solubility.
- Higher temperatures generally increase solubility for most solids.
- pH levels of the solution can significantly affect solubility.
Types of Solutions
- Ideal solutions display identical interaction among components: solute-solvent, solvent-solvent, and solute-solute interactions are similar.
- Non-ideal solutions show differing interactions, resulting in changes in enthalpy.
- Ideal solution enthalpy change is zero; non-ideal solutions can have positive or negative enthalpy changes.
Importance of Solubility in Pharmacy
- Selecting appropriate solvents for drug formulation.
- Addressing challenges during pharmaceutical solution preparation.
- Gaining insights into drug structures and intermolecular forces.
- Many pharmaceuticals are administered as solutions or powders made into liquids.
- Drugs with low aqueous solubility can pose formulation and bioavailability issues.
Expression of Solubility
- USP natively classifies solubility in parts of solvent required for one part of solute.
- Categorized terms and corresponding solubility ranges include:
- Very soluble (VS): ≥ 1000 mg/mL
- Freely soluble (FS): 1 – 10 mg/mL
- Soluble: 10 – 30 mg/mL
- Sparingly soluble (SPS): 30 – 100 mg/mL
- Slightly soluble (SS): 100 – 1000 mg/mL
- Very slightly soluble (VSS): 1000 – 10,000 mg/mL
- Practically insoluble (PI): > 10,000 mg/mL
Solubility of Solid Substances in Various Solvents
- Aluminum sulfate: Freely soluble in distilled water; insoluble in ethanol, chloroform, and ether.
- Ascorbic acid: Freely soluble in distilled water; sparingly soluble in ethanol.
- Calcium stearate: Insoluble in all tested solvents.
Solubility of Liquid Substances
- Benzene and chloroform: Miscible.
- Water and alcohol: Miscible.
- Water and oil: Immiscible.
Effects of Temperature on Solubility
- Heating can increase solubility: Calcium hydroxide went from slightly soluble to soluble upon heating.
- Other solutes like sodium chloride remained soluble before and after heating.
Effect of Other Substances on Solubility
- Silver nitrate's solubility is unaffected when sodium chloride is added (precipitation occurs).
- Aspirin's solubility improves when sodium citrate is added.
Effect of pH on Solubility
- Penicillin G sodium solution's solubility varies with pH (basic to acidic).
- Diphenhydramine hydrochloride syrup's solubility is impacted by pH changes.
Solubility of Drugs
- Solubility is the concentration of solute in a saturated solution at a specific temperature.
- Saturated solution: equilibrium between dissolved solute and undissolved solid.
- Unsaturated solution: solute concentration is below saturation point.
- Supersaturated solution: contains more solute than expected for that temperature.
- Solubility modifies with chemical changes in the solute or solvent.
Factors Affecting Solubility
- Particle size and surface area of the drug influence solubility.
- Molecular size impacts the interaction of solute and solvent molecules.
- Boiling points of liquids and melting points of solids are critical for solubility.
- Higher temperatures generally increase solubility for most solids.
- pH levels of the solution can significantly affect solubility.
Types of Solutions
- Ideal solutions display identical interaction among components: solute-solvent, solvent-solvent, and solute-solute interactions are similar.
- Non-ideal solutions show differing interactions, resulting in changes in enthalpy.
- Ideal solution enthalpy change is zero; non-ideal solutions can have positive or negative enthalpy changes.
Importance of Solubility in Pharmacy
- Selecting appropriate solvents for drug formulation.
- Addressing challenges during pharmaceutical solution preparation.
- Gaining insights into drug structures and intermolecular forces.
- Many pharmaceuticals are administered as solutions or powders made into liquids.
- Drugs with low aqueous solubility can pose formulation and bioavailability issues.
Expression of Solubility
- USP natively classifies solubility in parts of solvent required for one part of solute.
- Categorized terms and corresponding solubility ranges include:
- Very soluble (VS): ≥ 1000 mg/mL
- Freely soluble (FS): 1 – 10 mg/mL
- Soluble: 10 – 30 mg/mL
- Sparingly soluble (SPS): 30 – 100 mg/mL
- Slightly soluble (SS): 100 – 1000 mg/mL
- Very slightly soluble (VSS): 1000 – 10,000 mg/mL
- Practically insoluble (PI): > 10,000 mg/mL
Solubility of Solid Substances in Various Solvents
- Aluminum sulfate: Freely soluble in distilled water; insoluble in ethanol, chloroform, and ether.
- Ascorbic acid: Freely soluble in distilled water; sparingly soluble in ethanol.
- Calcium stearate: Insoluble in all tested solvents.
Solubility of Liquid Substances
- Benzene and chloroform: Miscible.
- Water and alcohol: Miscible.
- Water and oil: Immiscible.
Effects of Temperature on Solubility
- Heating can increase solubility: Calcium hydroxide went from slightly soluble to soluble upon heating.
- Other solutes like sodium chloride remained soluble before and after heating.
Effect of Other Substances on Solubility
- Silver nitrate's solubility is unaffected when sodium chloride is added (precipitation occurs).
- Aspirin's solubility improves when sodium citrate is added.
Effect of pH on Solubility
- Penicillin G sodium solution's solubility varies with pH (basic to acidic).
- Diphenhydramine hydrochloride syrup's solubility is impacted by pH changes.
Solubility of Drugs
- Solubility is the concentration of solute in a saturated solution at a specific temperature.
- Saturated solution: equilibrium between dissolved solute and undissolved solid.
- Unsaturated solution: solute concentration is below saturation point.
- Supersaturated solution: contains more solute than expected for that temperature.
- Solubility modifies with chemical changes in the solute or solvent.
Factors Affecting Solubility
- Particle size and surface area of the drug influence solubility.
- Molecular size impacts the interaction of solute and solvent molecules.
- Boiling points of liquids and melting points of solids are critical for solubility.
- Higher temperatures generally increase solubility for most solids.
- pH levels of the solution can significantly affect solubility.
Types of Solutions
- Ideal solutions display identical interaction among components: solute-solvent, solvent-solvent, and solute-solute interactions are similar.
- Non-ideal solutions show differing interactions, resulting in changes in enthalpy.
- Ideal solution enthalpy change is zero; non-ideal solutions can have positive or negative enthalpy changes.
Importance of Solubility in Pharmacy
- Selecting appropriate solvents for drug formulation.
- Addressing challenges during pharmaceutical solution preparation.
- Gaining insights into drug structures and intermolecular forces.
- Many pharmaceuticals are administered as solutions or powders made into liquids.
- Drugs with low aqueous solubility can pose formulation and bioavailability issues.
Expression of Solubility
- USP natively classifies solubility in parts of solvent required for one part of solute.
- Categorized terms and corresponding solubility ranges include:
- Very soluble (VS): ≥ 1000 mg/mL
- Freely soluble (FS): 1 – 10 mg/mL
- Soluble: 10 – 30 mg/mL
- Sparingly soluble (SPS): 30 – 100 mg/mL
- Slightly soluble (SS): 100 – 1000 mg/mL
- Very slightly soluble (VSS): 1000 – 10,000 mg/mL
- Practically insoluble (PI): > 10,000 mg/mL
Solubility of Solid Substances in Various Solvents
- Aluminum sulfate: Freely soluble in distilled water; insoluble in ethanol, chloroform, and ether.
- Ascorbic acid: Freely soluble in distilled water; sparingly soluble in ethanol.
- Calcium stearate: Insoluble in all tested solvents.
Solubility of Liquid Substances
- Benzene and chloroform: Miscible.
- Water and alcohol: Miscible.
- Water and oil: Immiscible.
Effects of Temperature on Solubility
- Heating can increase solubility: Calcium hydroxide went from slightly soluble to soluble upon heating.
- Other solutes like sodium chloride remained soluble before and after heating.
Effect of Other Substances on Solubility
- Silver nitrate's solubility is unaffected when sodium chloride is added (precipitation occurs).
- Aspirin's solubility improves when sodium citrate is added.
Effect of pH on Solubility
- Penicillin G sodium solution's solubility varies with pH (basic to acidic).
- Diphenhydramine hydrochloride syrup's solubility is impacted by pH changes.
Solubility of Drugs
- Solubility is the concentration of solute in a saturated solution at a specific temperature.
- Saturated solution: equilibrium between dissolved solute and undissolved solid.
- Unsaturated solution: solute concentration is below saturation point.
- Supersaturated solution: contains more solute than expected for that temperature.
- Solubility modifies with chemical changes in the solute or solvent.
Factors Affecting Solubility
- Particle size and surface area of the drug influence solubility.
- Molecular size impacts the interaction of solute and solvent molecules.
- Boiling points of liquids and melting points of solids are critical for solubility.
- Higher temperatures generally increase solubility for most solids.
- pH levels of the solution can significantly affect solubility.
Types of Solutions
- Ideal solutions display identical interaction among components: solute-solvent, solvent-solvent, and solute-solute interactions are similar.
- Non-ideal solutions show differing interactions, resulting in changes in enthalpy.
- Ideal solution enthalpy change is zero; non-ideal solutions can have positive or negative enthalpy changes.
Importance of Solubility in Pharmacy
- Selecting appropriate solvents for drug formulation.
- Addressing challenges during pharmaceutical solution preparation.
- Gaining insights into drug structures and intermolecular forces.
- Many pharmaceuticals are administered as solutions or powders made into liquids.
- Drugs with low aqueous solubility can pose formulation and bioavailability issues.
Expression of Solubility
- USP natively classifies solubility in parts of solvent required for one part of solute.
- Categorized terms and corresponding solubility ranges include:
- Very soluble (VS): ≥ 1000 mg/mL
- Freely soluble (FS): 1 – 10 mg/mL
- Soluble: 10 – 30 mg/mL
- Sparingly soluble (SPS): 30 – 100 mg/mL
- Slightly soluble (SS): 100 – 1000 mg/mL
- Very slightly soluble (VSS): 1000 – 10,000 mg/mL
- Practically insoluble (PI): > 10,000 mg/mL
Solubility of Solid Substances in Various Solvents
- Aluminum sulfate: Freely soluble in distilled water; insoluble in ethanol, chloroform, and ether.
- Ascorbic acid: Freely soluble in distilled water; sparingly soluble in ethanol.
- Calcium stearate: Insoluble in all tested solvents.
Solubility of Liquid Substances
- Benzene and chloroform: Miscible.
- Water and alcohol: Miscible.
- Water and oil: Immiscible.
Effects of Temperature on Solubility
- Heating can increase solubility: Calcium hydroxide went from slightly soluble to soluble upon heating.
- Other solutes like sodium chloride remained soluble before and after heating.
Effect of Other Substances on Solubility
- Silver nitrate's solubility is unaffected when sodium chloride is added (precipitation occurs).
- Aspirin's solubility improves when sodium citrate is added.
Effect of pH on Solubility
- Penicillin G sodium solution's solubility varies with pH (basic to acidic).
- Diphenhydramine hydrochloride syrup's solubility is impacted by pH changes.
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Description
Explore the essential concepts of solubility in drugs through this Physical Pharmacy Lab quiz. Delve into quantitative expressions such as molality, molarity, and percentage to understand drug solubility better. Perfect for students in pharmaceutical courses.
