PHYSPHAR LAB_MODULE 4
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Questions and Answers

What defines a saturated solution?

  • It contains a solute concentration below saturation.
  • It has solute in equilibrium with its undissolved phase. (correct)
  • It can be produced at any temperature.
  • It contains more solute than can typically dissolve.

    • Which term describes a solution with a concentration below the saturation point?

  • Concentrated solution
  • Unsaturated solution (correct)
  • Saturated solution
  • Supersaturated solution

    • What factor does NOT influence the solubility of a drug?

  • Temperature of the solvent
  • Molecular Size of the solute
  • The amount of light exposure (correct)
  • Particle Size of drug particles

    • Which of the following correctly defines a supersaturated solution?

    <p>It contains more dissolved solute than normally possible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods can affect the intrinsic solubility of a solute?

    <p>Chemical modification of the molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is solubility quantitatively defined?

    <p>As the concentration of solute in a saturated solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is typically considered to have the least effect on solubility?

    <p>Presence of non-dissolved solute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does molality describe in solubility?

    <p>Mass of solute per mass of solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about unsaturated solutions is incorrect?

    <p>They are at equilibrium with solid phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the solubility status of water and oil?

    <p>Immiscible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which combination shows a change in solubility after the addition of another substance?

    <p>Aspirin and sodium citrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does heating affect the solubility of calcium hydroxide in water?

    <p>Increases solubility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding sodium chloride in water?

    <p>It remains soluble at all conditions presented.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does pH have on penicillin G sodium solution?

    <p>Increases solubility in acidic conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when water is mixed with ether and acetone?

    <p>They are miscible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general effect of temperature on the solubility of solids in liquids?

    <p>Solubility typically increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following mixtures is considered miscible?

    <p>Benzene and chloroform</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which solution is affected positively by the addition of sodium citrate?

    <p>Aspirin in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic describes the solubility of water and phenol?

    <p>Miscible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of solubility indicates that less than 0.1 mg/mL of solute can dissolve?

    <p>Practically insoluble (PI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What range of solubility is classified as 'sparingly soluble'?

    <p>30 – 100 mg/mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the acceptable solubility for a substance classified as 'very soluble'?

    <p>1000 mg/mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is assigned a solubility classification of 'insoluble' in ethanol?

    <p>Calcium stearate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What classification does a substance fall under if it has a solubility range of 100 – 1000 mg/mL?

    <p>Freely soluble (FS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes a drug that requires greater than 10,000 parts of solvent for one part of solute?

    <p>Practically insoluble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which solvent is ascorbic acid classified as 'sparingly soluble'?

    <p>Ethanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following descriptions applies to substances that are defined as 'very slightly soluble'?

    <p>0.1 – 1 mg/mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a 'soluble' classification correspond to in solubility range?

    <p>10 – 30 mg/mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) define as the solubility of drugs?

    <p>Parts of solvent required for one part of solute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of an ideal solution?

    <p>The change in enthalpy when it forms is zero</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical characteristic of a non-ideal solution?

    <p>Change in enthalpy is a positive or negative value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a benefit of understanding solubility for pharmacists?

    <p>Formulating drugs only as solids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does solubility knowledge assist pharmacists with drug preparations?

    <p>It aids in overcoming problems during preparation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an ideal solution, what type of interactions occur among solvent and solute molecules?

    <p>Identical interactions between all molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of a non-ideal solution contributes to a change in enthalpy?

    <p>Differences in solute-solvent interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are liquids in liquids and solids in liquids particularly important to pharmaceutical scientists?

    <p>They represent a large fraction of drug prescriptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the change in enthalpy when an ideal solution is formed?

    <p>It is zero or approximately zero</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding solubility in pharmaceutical contexts?

    <p>Solubility affects drug absorption and efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of interactions is consistent across all molecules in an ideal solution?

    <p>Identical interaction strengths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the solubility status of water and peppermint oil with PPG?

    <p>Immiscible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which combination demonstrates a lack of effect on solubility after the addition of the second substance?

    <p>Silver nitrate and sodium chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the descriptive term for the solubility of water and oil?

    <p>Immiscible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the solubility of calcium hydroxide change with heating?

    <p>It becomes soluble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of pH on diphenhydramine hydrochloride syrup?

    <p>Solubility increases in acidic conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is soluble in water when combined with sodium citrate?

    <p>Aspirin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect on the solubility of hydrous sodium sulfate in water after heating?

    <p>It remains unchanged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the solubility of penicillin G sodium solution when 0.1N HCl is added?

    <p>Solubility increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the solubility status of water and ether with acetone?

    <p>Miscible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a saturated solution?

    <p>A solution that contains equilibrium between solute and undissolved solid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is TRUE regarding the effect of heating on solubility in the examples provided?

    <p>It increases solubility for at least one substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is considered to have the least impact on solubility?

    <p>Color of the solute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a supersaturated solution?

    <p>A solution with a higher concentration of solute than the equilibrium point.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about unsaturated solutions is correct?

    <p>They can still dissolve additional solute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common factor affecting the solubility of drugs?

    <p>The state of subdivision of the solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the intrinsic solubility of a drug be altered?

    <p>By modifying the surface area of the drug particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of solution contains the dissolved solute in a concentration below that necessary for complete saturation?

    <p>Unsaturated solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes how temperature affects solubility?

    <p>Higher temperatures can increase solubility for most solids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principal characteristic of solubility when it comes to drug particles?

    <p>Larger particles lead to lower solubility due to reduced surface area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which solution type indicates that the solute can dissolve in very large quantities compared to the solvent?

    <p>Very soluble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary role does understanding solubility play for pharmacists?

    <p>Choosing the best solvent for drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes an ideal solution?

    <p>It maintains identical interactions between all molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the change in enthalpy when forming a non-ideal solution?

    <p>It can be either a positive or negative value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of solution is most relevant to everyday pharmaceutical applications?

    <p>Liquid in liquid solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario best describes the formation of an ideal solution?

    <p>Ethanol mixing perfectly with water without excess heat generation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential for pharmacists to know when addressing solubility issues?

    <p>The structure and intermolecular forces of drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are interactions in an ideal solution described as identical?

    <p>So that solvent-solute, solute-solute, and solvent-solvent interactions match.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be said about solubility in non-ideal solutions?

    <p>It often requires adjustments when formulating drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an understanding of solubility assist in drug formulation?

    <p>By allowing prediction of drug interactions and their efficacy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about components in an ideal solution?

    <p>They exhibit minimal interaction differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification of solubility indicates that a substance can dissolve in 1000 parts of solvent or less for one part of solute?

    <p>Very soluble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum solubility threshold for a substance to be classified as 'sparingly soluble'?

    <p>30 mg/mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is classified as 'freely soluble' in distilled water?

    <p>Aluminum sulfate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many parts of solvent are required for a substance to be termed 'very slightly soluble'?

    <p>1000 to 10,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A drug that has a solubility of less than 0.1 mg/mL in any solvent would be classified as what?

    <p>Practically insoluble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which solubility classification corresponds to a solubility range of 1 to 10 mg/mL?

    <p>Slightly soluble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which of the following substances is 'insoluble' in chloroform?

    <p>Calcium stearate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the assigned solubility for a substance that is classified as 'slightly soluble'?

    <p>33 mg/mL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best describes a drug that requires greater than 10,000 parts of solvent for one part of solute?

    <p>Practically insoluble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms refers to a drug that can dissolve in 100 to 1000 parts of solvent?

    <p>Sparingly soluble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A saturated solution contains less solute than an unsaturated solution at a given temperature.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Factors such as temperature and pH of the solution influence the solubility of drugs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A supersaturated solution can contain more solute than it normally would at a given temperature.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The boiling point of a solvent does not affect the solubility of a solute.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Solubility is solely determined by the nature of the solute.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An unsaturated solution is one that contains a concentration of solute below the saturation point.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Crystal properties of a solute can influence its solubility in a solvent.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased particle size of drug particles generally enhances their solubility.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pressure has no effect on the solubility of solids in liquids.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Molarity is a quantitative expression of solubility.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An ideal solution has differences in the interactions between all molecules present.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Non-ideal solutions can have a change in enthalpy that is either positive or negative.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Understanding solubility is essential for selecting the best solvent for drugs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The change in enthalpy when forming an ideal solution is approximately zero.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Only solids in liquids are important to pharmaceutical scientists.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A non-ideal solution exhibits identical solvent-solvent, solvent-solute, and solute-solute interactions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pharmacists do not require knowledge about the structure and intermolecular forces of drugs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The importance of mixtures in pharmaceuticals is limited to solid drugs only.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A non-ideal solution can generally be expected to behave differently from an ideal solution.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Many drugs are formulated primarily as solids rather than liquids.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drugs with low aqueous solubility behave as ideal solutions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The solubility of a substance classified as 'sparingly soluble' is defined within the range of 30 – 100 mg/mL.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aluminum sulfate is classified as insoluble in distilled water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A substance that requires more than 10,000 parts of solvent for one part of solute is defined as practically insoluble.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ascorbic acid has a solubility classification of insoluble in ethanol.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The solubility term for a substance that can dissolve between 10 to 30 mg/mL is 'soluble'.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chloroform is classified as freely soluble for both ascorbic acid and calcium stearate.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A very slightly soluble substance can dissolve in the range of 0.1 to 1 mg/mL.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'slightly soluble' corresponds to a solubility range of 100 to 1000 mg/mL.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) describes solubility as the parts of solute required for one part solvent.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Benzene and chloroform are considered immiscible liquids.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The solubility of calcium hydroxide in water increases after heating.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water and oil are classified as miscible in terms of solubility.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The addition of sodium citrate makes aspirin more soluble in water.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diphenhydramine hydrochloride syrup is more soluble in an acidic solution than in a basic solution.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Silver nitrate does not affect the solubility of sodium chloride in solution.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water and ether with acetone are considered immiscible.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sodium chloride remains soluble in water when heated.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pH of a solution does not influence the solubility of penicillin G sodium solution.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water and benzyl benzoate with PPG are miscible in solution.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A saturated solution contains less solute than it can normally hold at a given temperature.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Temperature has no effect on the solubility of a drug.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An unsaturated solution can dissolve more solute at a certain temperature.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Molecular size does not influence the solubility of a drug.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A supersaturated solution contains less solute than a saturated solution.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Particle size affects the solubility of drug particles due to surface area.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Crystal properties can alter the intrinsic solubility of a substance.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A solution must always be at room temperature to determine saturation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An increase in pH generally decreases the solubility of some drugs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An ideal solution exhibits differences in interactions between the molecules.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The boiling point of a solvent does not influence solubility.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The change in enthalpy when an ideal solution forms is approximately zero.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Non-ideal solutions experience a uniform change in enthalpy upon formation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pharmaceutical scientists consider the importance of solids in liquids for everyday applications.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A non-ideal solution has identical solvent-solvent, solvent-solute, and solute-solute interactions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Understanding solubility helps pharmacists select the best solvent for drug formulations.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The only types of solutions that are relevant to pharmaceutical scientists are gaseous mixtures.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Non-ideal solutions have solvent-solute interactions that are always uniform.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pharmacists need information about intermolecular forces to prepare pharmaceutical solutions effectively.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Benzene and chloroform are considered immiscible.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water and oil are described as miscible.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium hydroxide becomes more soluble when heated in water.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The addition of sodium chloride affects the solubility of silver nitrate in water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aspirin becomes more soluble in water after the addition of sodium citrate.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Penicillin G sodium solution is less soluble in acidic conditions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water mixed with ether and acetone is classified as immiscible.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diphenhydramine hydrochloride syrup becomes less soluble in basic conditions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrous sodium sulfate maintains its solubility in water regardless of temperature changes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water and peppermint oil with PPG are miscible.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drugs with high aqueous solubility often present highly concentrated solutions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The United States Pharmacopeia defines the solubility of drugs as parts of solute required for one part of solvent.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A substance that is classified as 'sparingly soluble' has a solubility range of 30 – 100 mg/mL.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Practically insoluble substances have a solubility less than 0.1 mg/mL.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aluminum sulfate is classified as 'insoluble' in distilled water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ethanol is considered a better solvent than ether for ascorbic acid due to its solubility classification.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'very slightly soluble' corresponds to a solubility range of 0.1 – 1 mg/mL.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium stearate is classified as 'freely soluble' in ethanol.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A solubility classification of 'very soluble' indicates that 1,000 mg/mL or more of solute can dissolve.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chloroform is classified as 'insoluble' for both aluminum sulfate and ascorbic acid.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Solubility of Drugs

    • Solubility is the concentration of solute in a saturated solution at a specific temperature.
    • Saturated solution: equilibrium between dissolved solute and undissolved solid.
    • Unsaturated solution: solute concentration is below saturation point.
    • Supersaturated solution: contains more solute than expected for that temperature.
    • Solubility modifies with chemical changes in the solute or solvent.

    Factors Affecting Solubility

    • Particle size and surface area of the drug influence solubility.
    • Molecular size impacts the interaction of solute and solvent molecules.
    • Boiling points of liquids and melting points of solids are critical for solubility.
    • Higher temperatures generally increase solubility for most solids.
    • pH levels of the solution can significantly affect solubility.

    Types of Solutions

    • Ideal solutions display identical interaction among components: solute-solvent, solvent-solvent, and solute-solute interactions are similar.
    • Non-ideal solutions show differing interactions, resulting in changes in enthalpy.
    • Ideal solution enthalpy change is zero; non-ideal solutions can have positive or negative enthalpy changes.

    Importance of Solubility in Pharmacy

    • Selecting appropriate solvents for drug formulation.
    • Addressing challenges during pharmaceutical solution preparation.
    • Gaining insights into drug structures and intermolecular forces.
    • Many pharmaceuticals are administered as solutions or powders made into liquids.
    • Drugs with low aqueous solubility can pose formulation and bioavailability issues.

    Expression of Solubility

    • USP natively classifies solubility in parts of solvent required for one part of solute.
    • Categorized terms and corresponding solubility ranges include:
      • Very soluble (VS): ≥ 1000 mg/mL
      • Freely soluble (FS): 1 – 10 mg/mL
      • Soluble: 10 – 30 mg/mL
      • Sparingly soluble (SPS): 30 – 100 mg/mL
      • Slightly soluble (SS): 100 – 1000 mg/mL
      • Very slightly soluble (VSS): 1000 – 10,000 mg/mL
      • Practically insoluble (PI): > 10,000 mg/mL

    Solubility of Solid Substances in Various Solvents

    • Aluminum sulfate: Freely soluble in distilled water; insoluble in ethanol, chloroform, and ether.
    • Ascorbic acid: Freely soluble in distilled water; sparingly soluble in ethanol.
    • Calcium stearate: Insoluble in all tested solvents.

    Solubility of Liquid Substances

    • Benzene and chloroform: Miscible.
    • Water and alcohol: Miscible.
    • Water and oil: Immiscible.

    Effects of Temperature on Solubility

    • Heating can increase solubility: Calcium hydroxide went from slightly soluble to soluble upon heating.
    • Other solutes like sodium chloride remained soluble before and after heating.

    Effect of Other Substances on Solubility

    • Silver nitrate's solubility is unaffected when sodium chloride is added (precipitation occurs).
    • Aspirin's solubility improves when sodium citrate is added.

    Effect of pH on Solubility

    • Penicillin G sodium solution's solubility varies with pH (basic to acidic).
    • Diphenhydramine hydrochloride syrup's solubility is impacted by pH changes.

    Solubility of Drugs

    • Solubility is the concentration of solute in a saturated solution at a specific temperature.
    • Saturated solution: equilibrium between dissolved solute and undissolved solid.
    • Unsaturated solution: solute concentration is below saturation point.
    • Supersaturated solution: contains more solute than expected for that temperature.
    • Solubility modifies with chemical changes in the solute or solvent.

    Factors Affecting Solubility

    • Particle size and surface area of the drug influence solubility.
    • Molecular size impacts the interaction of solute and solvent molecules.
    • Boiling points of liquids and melting points of solids are critical for solubility.
    • Higher temperatures generally increase solubility for most solids.
    • pH levels of the solution can significantly affect solubility.

    Types of Solutions

    • Ideal solutions display identical interaction among components: solute-solvent, solvent-solvent, and solute-solute interactions are similar.
    • Non-ideal solutions show differing interactions, resulting in changes in enthalpy.
    • Ideal solution enthalpy change is zero; non-ideal solutions can have positive or negative enthalpy changes.

    Importance of Solubility in Pharmacy

    • Selecting appropriate solvents for drug formulation.
    • Addressing challenges during pharmaceutical solution preparation.
    • Gaining insights into drug structures and intermolecular forces.
    • Many pharmaceuticals are administered as solutions or powders made into liquids.
    • Drugs with low aqueous solubility can pose formulation and bioavailability issues.

    Expression of Solubility

    • USP natively classifies solubility in parts of solvent required for one part of solute.
    • Categorized terms and corresponding solubility ranges include:
      • Very soluble (VS): ≥ 1000 mg/mL
      • Freely soluble (FS): 1 – 10 mg/mL
      • Soluble: 10 – 30 mg/mL
      • Sparingly soluble (SPS): 30 – 100 mg/mL
      • Slightly soluble (SS): 100 – 1000 mg/mL
      • Very slightly soluble (VSS): 1000 – 10,000 mg/mL
      • Practically insoluble (PI): > 10,000 mg/mL

    Solubility of Solid Substances in Various Solvents

    • Aluminum sulfate: Freely soluble in distilled water; insoluble in ethanol, chloroform, and ether.
    • Ascorbic acid: Freely soluble in distilled water; sparingly soluble in ethanol.
    • Calcium stearate: Insoluble in all tested solvents.

    Solubility of Liquid Substances

    • Benzene and chloroform: Miscible.
    • Water and alcohol: Miscible.
    • Water and oil: Immiscible.

    Effects of Temperature on Solubility

    • Heating can increase solubility: Calcium hydroxide went from slightly soluble to soluble upon heating.
    • Other solutes like sodium chloride remained soluble before and after heating.

    Effect of Other Substances on Solubility

    • Silver nitrate's solubility is unaffected when sodium chloride is added (precipitation occurs).
    • Aspirin's solubility improves when sodium citrate is added.

    Effect of pH on Solubility

    • Penicillin G sodium solution's solubility varies with pH (basic to acidic).
    • Diphenhydramine hydrochloride syrup's solubility is impacted by pH changes.

    Solubility of Drugs

    • Solubility is the concentration of solute in a saturated solution at a specific temperature.
    • Saturated solution: equilibrium between dissolved solute and undissolved solid.
    • Unsaturated solution: solute concentration is below saturation point.
    • Supersaturated solution: contains more solute than expected for that temperature.
    • Solubility modifies with chemical changes in the solute or solvent.

    Factors Affecting Solubility

    • Particle size and surface area of the drug influence solubility.
    • Molecular size impacts the interaction of solute and solvent molecules.
    • Boiling points of liquids and melting points of solids are critical for solubility.
    • Higher temperatures generally increase solubility for most solids.
    • pH levels of the solution can significantly affect solubility.

    Types of Solutions

    • Ideal solutions display identical interaction among components: solute-solvent, solvent-solvent, and solute-solute interactions are similar.
    • Non-ideal solutions show differing interactions, resulting in changes in enthalpy.
    • Ideal solution enthalpy change is zero; non-ideal solutions can have positive or negative enthalpy changes.

    Importance of Solubility in Pharmacy

    • Selecting appropriate solvents for drug formulation.
    • Addressing challenges during pharmaceutical solution preparation.
    • Gaining insights into drug structures and intermolecular forces.
    • Many pharmaceuticals are administered as solutions or powders made into liquids.
    • Drugs with low aqueous solubility can pose formulation and bioavailability issues.

    Expression of Solubility

    • USP natively classifies solubility in parts of solvent required for one part of solute.
    • Categorized terms and corresponding solubility ranges include:
      • Very soluble (VS): ≥ 1000 mg/mL
      • Freely soluble (FS): 1 – 10 mg/mL
      • Soluble: 10 – 30 mg/mL
      • Sparingly soluble (SPS): 30 – 100 mg/mL
      • Slightly soluble (SS): 100 – 1000 mg/mL
      • Very slightly soluble (VSS): 1000 – 10,000 mg/mL
      • Practically insoluble (PI): > 10,000 mg/mL

    Solubility of Solid Substances in Various Solvents

    • Aluminum sulfate: Freely soluble in distilled water; insoluble in ethanol, chloroform, and ether.
    • Ascorbic acid: Freely soluble in distilled water; sparingly soluble in ethanol.
    • Calcium stearate: Insoluble in all tested solvents.

    Solubility of Liquid Substances

    • Benzene and chloroform: Miscible.
    • Water and alcohol: Miscible.
    • Water and oil: Immiscible.

    Effects of Temperature on Solubility

    • Heating can increase solubility: Calcium hydroxide went from slightly soluble to soluble upon heating.
    • Other solutes like sodium chloride remained soluble before and after heating.

    Effect of Other Substances on Solubility

    • Silver nitrate's solubility is unaffected when sodium chloride is added (precipitation occurs).
    • Aspirin's solubility improves when sodium citrate is added.

    Effect of pH on Solubility

    • Penicillin G sodium solution's solubility varies with pH (basic to acidic).
    • Diphenhydramine hydrochloride syrup's solubility is impacted by pH changes.

    Solubility of Drugs

    • Solubility is the concentration of solute in a saturated solution at a specific temperature.
    • Saturated solution: equilibrium between dissolved solute and undissolved solid.
    • Unsaturated solution: solute concentration is below saturation point.
    • Supersaturated solution: contains more solute than expected for that temperature.
    • Solubility modifies with chemical changes in the solute or solvent.

    Factors Affecting Solubility

    • Particle size and surface area of the drug influence solubility.
    • Molecular size impacts the interaction of solute and solvent molecules.
    • Boiling points of liquids and melting points of solids are critical for solubility.
    • Higher temperatures generally increase solubility for most solids.
    • pH levels of the solution can significantly affect solubility.

    Types of Solutions

    • Ideal solutions display identical interaction among components: solute-solvent, solvent-solvent, and solute-solute interactions are similar.
    • Non-ideal solutions show differing interactions, resulting in changes in enthalpy.
    • Ideal solution enthalpy change is zero; non-ideal solutions can have positive or negative enthalpy changes.

    Importance of Solubility in Pharmacy

    • Selecting appropriate solvents for drug formulation.
    • Addressing challenges during pharmaceutical solution preparation.
    • Gaining insights into drug structures and intermolecular forces.
    • Many pharmaceuticals are administered as solutions or powders made into liquids.
    • Drugs with low aqueous solubility can pose formulation and bioavailability issues.

    Expression of Solubility

    • USP natively classifies solubility in parts of solvent required for one part of solute.
    • Categorized terms and corresponding solubility ranges include:
      • Very soluble (VS): ≥ 1000 mg/mL
      • Freely soluble (FS): 1 – 10 mg/mL
      • Soluble: 10 – 30 mg/mL
      • Sparingly soluble (SPS): 30 – 100 mg/mL
      • Slightly soluble (SS): 100 – 1000 mg/mL
      • Very slightly soluble (VSS): 1000 – 10,000 mg/mL
      • Practically insoluble (PI): > 10,000 mg/mL

    Solubility of Solid Substances in Various Solvents

    • Aluminum sulfate: Freely soluble in distilled water; insoluble in ethanol, chloroform, and ether.
    • Ascorbic acid: Freely soluble in distilled water; sparingly soluble in ethanol.
    • Calcium stearate: Insoluble in all tested solvents.

    Solubility of Liquid Substances

    • Benzene and chloroform: Miscible.
    • Water and alcohol: Miscible.
    • Water and oil: Immiscible.

    Effects of Temperature on Solubility

    • Heating can increase solubility: Calcium hydroxide went from slightly soluble to soluble upon heating.
    • Other solutes like sodium chloride remained soluble before and after heating.

    Effect of Other Substances on Solubility

    • Silver nitrate's solubility is unaffected when sodium chloride is added (precipitation occurs).
    • Aspirin's solubility improves when sodium citrate is added.

    Effect of pH on Solubility

    • Penicillin G sodium solution's solubility varies with pH (basic to acidic).
    • Diphenhydramine hydrochloride syrup's solubility is impacted by pH changes.

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    Explore the essential concepts of solubility in drugs through this Physical Pharmacy Lab quiz. Delve into quantitative expressions such as molality, molarity, and percentage to understand drug solubility better. Perfect for students in pharmaceutical courses.

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