Physical Geography of India

India lies between 8°4' and 37°6' N latitude and 68°7' and 97°25' E longitude
Extends from the Himalayas in the north to the Indian Ocean in the south, and from the Indus River in the west to the Brahmaputra River in the east

Mountains:
- Himalayas: young, folded, and block mountains
- Karakoram, Ladakh, and Zaskar ranges: part of the Himalayan system
Plains:
- Indo-Gangetic Plain: formed by the Ganges and Indus rivers
- Eastern Coastal Plain: narrow strip along the Bay of Bengal
- Western Coastal Plain: narrow strip along the Arabian Sea
Plateaus:
- Deccan Plateau: oldest and largest plateau in India
- Chota Nagpur Plateau: part of the Deccan Plateau
Islands:
- Andaman and Nicobar Islands: located in the Bay of Bengal
- Lakshadweep Islands: located in the Arabian Sea

Tropical:
- Characterized by high temperatures and high humidity
- Experienced in the Indo-Gangetic Plain and the Eastern Coastal Plain
Subtropical:
- Characterized by mild winters and hot summers
- Experienced in the Himalayan foothills and the Western Coastal Plain
Temperate:
- Characterized by cold winters and mild summers
- Experienced in the Himalayas

Tropical Rainforests:
- Found in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of the Eastern Ghats
Deciduous Forests:
- Found in the Indo-Gangetic Plain and parts of the Eastern Ghats
Mountain Forests:
- Found in the Himalayas and the Western Ghats
Desert Vegetation:
- Found in the Thar Desert in northwestern India

Distribution:
- Highest density in the Indo-Gangetic Plain
- Lowest density in the Himalayas and the Thar Desert
Growth Rate:
- Average annual growth rate: 1.2%
Composition:
- 72% rural population
- 28% urban population

Rural Settlements:
- Types: compact, semi-compact, and dispersed
- Characteristics: agricultural-based economy, low population density
Urban Settlements:
- Types: million-plus cities, metropolitan cities, and small towns
- Characteristics: industrial-based economy, high population density

Types:
- Internal migration: within India
- International migration: to and from India
Causes:
- Economic factors: employment opportunities, better living standards
- Social factors: education, marriage, family reunification
Consequences:
- Urbanization, strain on resources, cultural diversity

Primary Sector:
- Agriculture: dominant sector in rural areas
- Mining: significant in certain regions
Secondary Sector:
- Manufacturing: significant in urban areas
Tertiary Sector:
- Services: dominant sector in urban areas

India is situated between 8°4' and 37°6' N latitude and 68°7' and 97°25' E longitude
The country extends from the Himalayas in the north to the Indian Ocean in the south, and from the Indus River in the west to the Brahmaputra River in the east

Mountains:
- Himalayas are young, folded, and block mountains
- Karakoram, Ladakh, and Zaskar ranges are part of the Himalayan system
Plains:
- Indo-Gangetic Plain is formed by the Ganges and Indus rivers
- Eastern Coastal Plain is a narrow strip along the Bay of Bengal
- Western Coastal Plain is a narrow strip along the Arabian Sea
Plateaus:
- Deccan Plateau is the oldest and largest plateau in India
- Chota Nagpur Plateau is part of the Deccan Plateau
Islands:
- Andaman and Nicobar Islands are located in the Bay of Bengal
- Lakshadweep Islands are located in the Arabian Sea

Tropical:
- Characterized by high temperatures and high humidity
- Experienced in the Indo-Gangetic Plain and the Eastern Coastal Plain
Subtropical:
- Characterized by mild winters and hot summers
- Experienced in the Himalayan foothills and the Western Coastal Plain
Temperate:
- Characterized by cold winters and mild summers
- Experienced in the Himalayas

Tropical Rainforests:
- Found in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of the Eastern Ghats
Deciduous Forests:
- Found in the Indo-Gangetic Plain and parts of the Eastern Ghats
Mountain Forests:
- Found in the Himalayas and the Western Ghats
Desert Vegetation:
- Found in the Thar Desert in northwestern India

Distribution:
- Highest density in the Indo-Gangetic Plain
- Lowest density in the Himalayas and the Thar Desert
Growth Rate:
- Average annual growth rate is 1.2%
Composition:
- 72% of the population is rural
- 28% of the population is urban

Rural Settlements:
- Types: compact, semi-compact, and dispersed
- Characteristics: agricultural-based economy, low population density
Urban Settlements:
- Types: million-plus cities, metropolitan cities, and small towns
- Characteristics: industrial-based economy, high population density

Types:
- Internal migration: within India
- International migration: to and from India
Causes:
- Economic factors: employment opportunities, better living standards
- Social factors: education, marriage, family reunification
Consequences:
- Urbanization, strain on resources, cultural diversity

Primary Sector:
- Agriculture is the dominant sector in rural areas
- Mining is significant in certain regions
Secondary Sector:
- Manufacturing is significant in urban areas
Tertiary Sector:
- Services are the dominant sector in urban areas