Physical and Chemical Properties Quiz

Chemistry Overview

• Chemical and Physical Changes & Properties: Examples of physical changes include cutting paper, melting ice, boiling water, and dissolving sugar in water. Bending a wire is also a physical change. Chemical properties describe how a substance interacts with other substances, observed during chemical reactions. Understanding chemical properties helps predict substance behavior. Examples of chemical properties include flammability, reactivity with water, and ability to rust.
• Common Chemical Properties: Reactivity is a common chemical property.
• Common Physical Properties: Properties like color (visual perception of light reflected), texture (surface appearance), hardness (resistance to scratching/indentation, measured by Mohs scale 1-10), malleability (ability to be hammered into thin sheets), ductility (ability to be stretched into wire), and conductivity (ability to transmit heat or electricity) are common physical properties.

Physical Changes

• Definition: A change that alters the form or appearance of a substance without creating a new substance.

Chemical and Physical Changes and Properties

• Physical Properties: Observable characteristics of matter, measurable or observable without changing the substance. Examples include color, shape, size, texture, odor, and melting point.
• Qualitative vs. Quantitative Properties: Qualitative properties are descriptive and non-numerical (e.g., color, odor, texture), while quantitative properties are measurable and numerical (e.g., mass, volume, density, melting point).

The Periodic Table

• Organization: Organized by metals, non-metals, and metalloids. Metals are located on the left and middle blocks. Elements to the left of the staircase are metals (e.g., iron, copper, gold), elements to the right of the staircase are metalloids (e.g., silicon, boron), and most nonmetals (e.g., oxygen, chlorine, carbon) are gases at room temperature, often brittle or dull.
• Characteristics: Metals are solids at room temperature, display metallic luster (shine), conduct heat and electricity, and are typically malleable (can be hammered into shape) and ductile (can be drawn into wires). Non-metals, on the other hand, are often gases or poor conductors of heat or electricity, and not easily shaped.

Group 1 - Alkali Metals

• Characteristics: Group 1 elements (alkali metals) have only one electron in their outer electron shell, are highly reactive, and appear as shiny silver metals. Examples include sodium and potassium.

Group 2 - Alkaline Earth Metals

• Characteristics: Located in the 2nd column of the periodic table, these elements are relatively reactive, and often found in compounds.

Group 17 - The Halogens

• Characteristics: Located in the second-to-last column of the table, these elements have seven electrons in their outer shell and can be poisonous in larger quantities. Hydrogen is also described as an exception in the list of unique elements, it is an alkali metal only, but a gas. Helium, Another example of a unique property, is used in hot air balloons and neon signs

Group 1 - Hydrogen characteristics

• Characteristics: Hydrogen is a unique element having only one electron and one electron shell. It is not an alkali metal, rather a gas.

Periods

• Organization: Horizontal rows on the table
• Characteristics: Elements in the same period have the same number of electron shells.

Ecology Overview

• Biotic Factors: Living organisms within an ecosystem (e.g., fish, birds, deer, plants, trees)
• Abiotic Factors: Non-living aspects of the ecosystem (e.g. water, sand, rocks, soil, temperature)
• Food Webs: illustrate the feeding relationships between living organisms in an environment.

Food Web - Trophic Levels

• Definition: Describes the position of an organism in a food chain.
• Producer vs. Consumer: Producers (e.g., plants) create their own food, while consumers (e.g., animals) consume other organisms for energy.
• Herbivore, omnivore, carnivore, decomposer: Consumers are grouped into these categories based on what they eat. Herbivores eat plants, carnivores eat animals, and omnivores eat both. Decomposers break down dead organisms.

Types of Interactions

• Predation: Interaction between predators and prey.
• Mutualism: Both species benefit
• Parasitism: One species benefits while the other is harmed
• Commensalism: One species benefits, but the other is neither harmed nor helped (not affected directly)
• Competition: Interaction between organisms competing for the same resources in an ecosystem.

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

• Photosynthesis: converts light energy into chemical energy (in the form of glucose). Converts sunlight into food.
• Cellular Respiration: Breaks down glucose to release stored energy for cells.

Electricity Overview

• Electric Charge: a form of charge (positive or negative).
• Electric Force: the force of attraction and repulsion between electric charges.
• Electrostatic Series: A list of materials arranged according to their tendency to gain or lose electrons when rubbed against other materials.

Charging Methods

• Friction: Electrons transferred from one object to another.
• Conduction: Charged object touches a neutral object, transferring charges.
• Induction: Interaction between a charged object and a neutral object without contact, causing charge separation.
• Grounding: Connecting an object to a large body (like Earth) to remove an electrical charge.

Ohm's Law

• Relationship: The relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in a circuit. Voltage = current x resistance (V=IR).
• Factors affecting Resistance: Temperature, length of the conductor, type of material (resistivity), and cross-sectional area.
• Resistance is measured in ohms (Ω).

Cost of Operation

• The calculation for the cost of operating an electrical device utilizing power (kW), time (hours) and the rate per kilowatt-hour (kWh).

Astronomy Overview

• Astronomical Units (AU): Unit of measure for distances within the solar system
• Light Years: Unit of measure for distances between celestial objects outside the solar system.
• Stars Formation: Stars form within clouds of gas and dust that collapse under their own gravity, causing the materials to heat up.
• Nuclear Fusion: Process in which hydrogen atoms combine to form helium, releasing tremendous amounts of energy. This process powers stars.
• Parts of the Solar System: Stars, planets (terrestrial and gas giants), moons, asteroids, comets, meteoroids, and other celestial bodies.
• Types of Planets: Planets are categorized as terrestrial (rocky) and gas giants.

Satellites and Their Uses

• Purpose: Devices launched into space to orbit around Earth or other celestial bodies for various purposes.
• Communication Satellites: Relay communication signals worldwide.
• Weather Satellites: Monitor weather patterns.
• Navigation Satellites: Provide GPS services.
• Earth Observation Satellites: Study Earth's resources and monitor climate change, or natural disasters.