Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter
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Questions and Answers

An ______ is the smallest particle that retains the chemical properties of an element.

atom

A ______ is the smallest particle that retains the chemical properties of a compound.

molecule

Ionic bonds result from the ______ of electrons from one element to another.

transfer

______ are positively charged ions.

<p>Cations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Metals, like sodium (Na) and magnesium (Mg), form ______ by losing electrons.

<p>cations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nonmetals, like chlorine (Cl), form ______ by gaining electrons.

<p>anions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bonding is the joining of two atoms in a ______ arrangement.

<p>stable</p> Signup and view all the answers

Physical properties can be observed or measured without changing the composition of the material, such as ______ point.

<p>boiling</p> Signup and view all the answers

A physical change alters the material without changing its ______.

<p>composition</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chemical properties determine how a substance can be converted into another substance through a ______.

<p>chemical change</p> Signup and view all the answers

A pure substance is composed of only a single ______ (atom or molecule).

<p>component</p> Signup and view all the answers

A pure substance can be classified as an element or a ______.

<p>compound</p> Signup and view all the answers

Table sugar and water are both examples of ______ substances.

<p>pure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sugar dissolved in water is an example of a ______.

<p>mixture</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mixtures can be separated into their components by a ______ process.

<p>physical</p> Signup and view all the answers

An atom forms an anion with a completely filled outer shell of ______.

<p>electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

The octet rule states that a main group element is especially stable when it possesses an octet of ______ in its outer shell.

<p>valence electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

The formula for calcium chloride is CaCl______

<p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

The group number for metals in groups 1A, 2A, and 3A is equal to the charge on the ______.

<p>cation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cations are named for the element from which they are formed, such as sodium (Na______) and potassium (K______).

<ul> <li></li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

For nonmetals in Groups 6A and 7A, the anion charge is calculated as ______ minus the group number.

<p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

An ionic bond is formed when a metal transfers one or more ______ to a nonmetal.

<p>electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anions are named by replacing the ending of the element name by the suffix '-______'.

<p>ide</p> Signup and view all the answers

The element symbol for chloride is Cl______.

<p>−</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an ionic compound, the sum of the charges must be ______.

<p>zero</p> Signup and view all the answers

To achieve a zero overall charge, subscripts are used to indicate the number of each ______.

<p>ion</p> Signup and view all the answers

To write a formula for an ionic compound, it is important to identify which element is the ______ and which is the anion.

<p>cation</p> Signup and view all the answers

The main group cation for magnesium is Mg______.

<p>2+</p> Signup and view all the answers

When the cation and anion have the same charge, only ______ of each is needed to achieve a zero charge.

<p>one</p> Signup and view all the answers

For an ionic compound, the cation is placed ______ and the anion is placed second in the formula.

<p>first</p> Signup and view all the answers

Examples of ionic compounds include KCl, CaO, and CaCl______.

<p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Covalent bonds result from the sharing of ______ between two atoms.

<p>electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

A molecule is a discrete group of ______ held together by covalent bonds.

<p>atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unshared electron pairs are called ______ electron pairs.

<p>nonbonded</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lewis structures are electron-dot structures that show the location of all ______ electrons.

<p>valence</p> Signup and view all the answers

A double bond contains ______ electrons in two bonds.

<p>four</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first step in naming a covalent molecule is to name the first ______ by its element name.

<p>nonmetal</p> Signup and view all the answers

When naming the second element, you use the suffix '[-blank]'.

<p>ide</p> Signup and view all the answers

Add ______ to show the number of atoms of each element in a covalent compound.

<p>prefixes</p> Signup and view all the answers

The prefix 'mono' indicates ______ atom.

<p>one</p> Signup and view all the answers

The chemical formula for nitrogen dioxide is ______.

<p>NO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a balanced chemical equation, the number of atoms of each element must be equal on both the ______ and the product side.

<p>reactant</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carbon monoxide consists of one atom of carbon attached to one atom of ______.

<p>oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

The chemical formula for carbon dioxide is ______.

<p>CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Oxidation/reduction reactions involve the transfer of ______ from one atom to another.

<p>electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

The prefix 'di' indicates ______ atoms in a chemical compound.

<p>two</p> Signup and view all the answers

The reaction type where one element replaces another in a compound is called ______ replacement.

<p>single</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Physical Properties of Matter

  • Physical properties describe a substance without changing its composition
  • Examples include boiling point, melting point, solubility, color, and odor.

Physical Changes

  • A physical change alters a material's form, but not its composition.
  • Examples include melting, boiling, and dissolving.

Chemical Properties of Matter

  • Chemical properties describe how a substance can be converted into a different substance.
  • Chemical properties determine how a substance reacts with other substances
  • Examples of chemical properties include flammability.

Chemical Changes

  • A chemical change results in a new substance(s) with different properties.
  • Occurs through chemical reactions converting one substance into another(s)
  • Examples of chemical changes are combustion, rusting, corrosion, and oxidation

Classification of Matter

  • All matter is either a pure substance or a mixture
  • Pure Substances:
    • Composed of only one type of component (atom or molecule).
    • Have a constant composition regardless of the sample size or origin.
    • Cannot be broken down into simpler substances through physical changes.
    • Can be an element or compound.

Elements

  • Pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical changes.
  • Examples: aluminum foil, nitrogen gas.

Compounds

  • Pure substances formed by chemically joining two or more elements.
  • Examples: water (H₂O), table salt (NaCl).

Mixtures

  • Composed of more than one component.
  • Have varying compositions (combinations of solid, liquid, and gas).
  • Can be separated physically.
  • Examples: sugar dissolved in water.

Atoms and Molecules

  • Atoms: smallest particles with chemical properties of an element
  • Molecules: smallest particle with the chemical properties of a compound.
    • Examples:
      • Diatomic molecules: oxygen (O₂), hydrogen (H₂)
      • Triatomic molecule: ozone (O₃)

lonic Bonding

  • Forms between a metal and a nonmetal.
  • Results from the transfer of electrons.
  • The sum of the charges in an ionic compound must equal zero.

Ions

  • Charged species.
  • Cations: positively charged
  • Anions: negatively charged

Ionic Compounds

  • Formed by the electrostatic attraction between cations and anions.
  • The sum of the charges in an ionic compound must be zero overall.
  • Names consist of the cation (+), then anion (-).
  • Examples:
    • NaCl (sodium chloride)
    • CaO (calcium oxide)

Covalent Bonding

  • Results from the sharing of electrons.
  • Bonds between nonmetals.
  • A molecule is formed when atoms bond covalently

Lewis Structures

  • Electron-dot structures of molecules.
  • Shows valence electrons.

Multiple Bonds

  • Covalent bonds can be single, double, or triple.
    • Double bond: shares four electrons
    • Triple bond: shares six electrons

Naming Covalent Compounds

  • Name first element with prefix designating number of atoms, then name second element with appropriate prefix and suffix "-ide."
  • Prefixes (from Table 4.1):
    • Mono- (1) / Di- (2) / Tri- (3) / Tetra- (4) / Penta- (5) / Hexa- (6) / Hepta- (7) / Octa- (8)/ Nona- (9) / Deca- (10)

Chemical Equations

  • Represent chemical reactions using chemical symbols and formulas.
  • Reactants are shown on the left, and products are shown on the right.
  • The arrow signifies the change

Types of Reactions

  • Combination: two or more reactants combined to form one product
  • Decomposition: one reactant broken down to form two or more products
  • Single replacement: one element replaces another element in a compound
  • Double replacement: two compounds exchange parts (atoms or ions)

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Description

Test your knowledge on the physical and chemical properties of matter with this quiz. Understand the differences between physical changes and chemical changes, and learn how to classify matter. This quiz covers key concepts surrounding the composition and transformation of substances.

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