Podcast
Questions and Answers
During exercise, what is the primary reason for the increase in systolic blood pressure?
During exercise, what is the primary reason for the increase in systolic blood pressure?
- Decreased stroke volume
- Vasodilation of blood vessels
- Increased cardiac output (correct)
- Reduced heart rate
What adaptation would cause an increase in stroke volume?
What adaptation would cause an increase in stroke volume?
- Decreased contractility
- Decreased left ventricle chamber size
- Increased resting heart rate.
- Increased left ventricular wall thickness (correct)
What changes occur to the respiratory system as a result of physical exercise?
What changes occur to the respiratory system as a result of physical exercise?
- Increased alveolar surface area and increased tidal volume (correct)
- Increased tidal volume and decreased alveolar surface area
- Decreased tidal volume and decreased ventilation during high-intensity exercise
- Decreased ventilation during high-intensity exercise, increased alveolar surface area
What is the effect of exercise on vascular flexibility and Endothelium-Derived Relaxation Factor (EDRF)?
What is the effect of exercise on vascular flexibility and Endothelium-Derived Relaxation Factor (EDRF)?
Which of the structural and metabolic adaptations are most directly related to improved endurance performance?
Which of the structural and metabolic adaptations are most directly related to improved endurance performance?
What is the expected change in diastolic blood pressure during exercise and why?
What is the expected change in diastolic blood pressure during exercise and why?
How does the body adapt to utilize fuel sources differently after consistent endurance training?
How does the body adapt to utilize fuel sources differently after consistent endurance training?
How does resting heart rate typically change as a result of long-term cardiovascular training, and what is the primary reason for this change?
How does resting heart rate typically change as a result of long-term cardiovascular training, and what is the primary reason for this change?
Which of the following best describes the role of ATP in muscle contraction?
Which of the following best describes the role of ATP in muscle contraction?
During physical activity, how does the body ensure that working muscles receive enough oxygen?
During physical activity, how does the body ensure that working muscles receive enough oxygen?
What happens to blood vessels during physical activity to optimize blood flow?
What happens to blood vessels during physical activity to optimize blood flow?
How is minute ventilation affected by increased physical activity, and which factors contribute to this change?
How is minute ventilation affected by increased physical activity, and which factors contribute to this change?
If a person has a resting heart rate of 60 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 80 mL/beat, what is their cardiac output at rest?
If a person has a resting heart rate of 60 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 80 mL/beat, what is their cardiac output at rest?
During maximal exercise, cardiac output can increase significantly. Which of the following contributes most to this increase?
During maximal exercise, cardiac output can increase significantly. Which of the following contributes most to this increase?
During exercise, the A-VO2 difference increases significantly. What does this indicate?
During exercise, the A-VO2 difference increases significantly. What does this indicate?
Which of the following is NOT a typical response to increased physical activity?
Which of the following is NOT a typical response to increased physical activity?
Flashcards
Physical Activity
Physical Activity
Any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscle contraction resulting in a substantial increase in energy expenditure above resting levels, significant enough to elicit health benefits.
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
The immediate energy source for muscle contraction. Its breakdown releases energy for cellular work.
Cardiac Output
Cardiac Output
The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute. It is the product of heart rate and stroke volume.
Heart Rate (HR)
Heart Rate (HR)
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Stroke Volume (SV)
Stroke Volume (SV)
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A-VO2 Difference
A-VO2 Difference
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Increased O2 Demand
Increased O2 Demand
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Vasodilation
Vasodilation
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Systolic Blood Pressure
Systolic Blood Pressure
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Diastolic Blood Pressure
Diastolic Blood Pressure
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Increased Left Ventricular Wall Thickness
Increased Left Ventricular Wall Thickness
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Increased Left Ventricular Chamber Size
Increased Left Ventricular Chamber Size
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Increased Contractility
Increased Contractility
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Improved Vascular Flexibility
Improved Vascular Flexibility
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Increased Alveoli Surface Area
Increased Alveoli Surface Area
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Increased Tidal Volume
Increased Tidal Volume
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Study Notes
- Physical activity refers to any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscle contraction
- Results in a substantial increase in energy expenditure above resting energy expenditure (REE)
- The increase in energy expenditure must be significant enough to elicit health benefits
- ATP (Adenosine Tri-Phosphate) is the immediate energy source used for muscle contraction
- Phosphates are held by high energy bonds
- The bond breaks and releases energy for exercise
Cardiovascular System Overview
- Includes a pulmonary and a systemic circuit
- VOâ‚‚ represents the amount of oxygen consumed and utilized for energy production
- The cardiovascular system responds to provide the contracting muscle with the necessary oxygen and nutrients VOâ‚‚ Peak: Cardiovascular Fitness
Acute Cardiorespiratory Responses (During Muscle Contraction)
- ATP demand increases and O2 at the cellular level increases
- Heart rate and stroke volume increase, and the A-VOâ‚‚ difference increases leading to greater efficiency
- VOâ‚‚ = HR x SV x (A-VOâ‚‚ difference)
- VOâ‚‚ difference, or A-VOâ‚‚ diff, represents the difference in the oxygen content of blood beetween arterial and venous blood
- Arteriovenous oxygen difference indicates how much O2 is delivered and used by muscles
- Muscle perfusion improves blood flow
- Less active muscles' and organs' blood vessels constrict (vasoconstriction)
- Working muscles' blood vessels dilate (vasodilation)
- Oxygen extraction, represented by the A-VOâ‚‚ difference, increases three- to four-fold
Acute Cardiorespiratory Responses (During Respiration)
- Respiratory rate increases due to sympathetic nervous response and metabolic byproducts
- Minute ventilation increases, calculated as tidal volume multiplied by respiratory rate
- Blood pressure increases and O2 exchange in the alveoli is improved
Acute Cardiorespiratory Responses (During Blood Pressure Changes)
Increases during exercise due to an increase in cardiac output
- Diastolic blood pressure should stay the same or slightly decrease due to vasodilation of the vessels
Chronic Cardiorespiratory Adaptations
Physical Cardiac Changes:
- Increased left ventricular wall thickness
- Increased left ventricular chamber size
- Increased contractility
- Stroke volume is improved, resting heart rate is lowered, and heart rate during submaximal exercise decreases
Adaptations
- Blood vessels experience improved vascular flexibility and increased endothelium-derived relaxation factor (EDRF)
- The respiratory system experiences increased alveoli surface area and increased tidal volume
- Ventilation increases during high intensity exercise, but decreases at rest and during moderate exercise
Changes in Skeletal Muscle
- Designed to increase the amount of product needed for energy supply:
- Increased mitochondria
- Increased capillary density
- Increased stores of glycogen
- Increased oxidative use of glycogen
- Increased stores of triglycerides
- Increased oxidation of fats
Chronic Responses to Exercise
- At rest and at a given
- Heart rate decreases
- Blood pressure decreases
- Oxygen transport increases
- Ventilation decreases
The Running Example: Time, Distance, and Calories
- Running Program:
- Running 1 mile, 3 times a week at 120 BPM
- Running 30 minutes, 3 times a week at 120 BPM
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