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Questions and Answers
What is the primary goal when selecting a minimally sufficient set S?
What is the primary goal when selecting a minimally sufficient set S?
What is the purpose of creating a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)?
What is the purpose of creating a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)?
Why is it important to consider district zoning laws when modeling health disparities?
Why is it important to consider district zoning laws when modeling health disparities?
What is an example of a social determinant of health?
What is an example of a social determinant of health?
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What is the term for a variable that can affect both the exposure and outcome, causing bias in the estimate of the causal effect?
What is the term for a variable that can affect both the exposure and outcome, causing bias in the estimate of the causal effect?
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What happens if we forget to include important ancestors in our DAG?
What happens if we forget to include important ancestors in our DAG?
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What is the term for a variable that is caused by the exposure and also affects the outcome?
What is the term for a variable that is caused by the exposure and also affects the outcome?
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Why is it important to consider multiple possible sets S when selecting a minimally sufficient set?
Why is it important to consider multiple possible sets S when selecting a minimally sufficient set?
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What is the focus of the research question in the given example?
What is the focus of the research question in the given example?
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What type of paths are the direct path from neighborhood violence to cardiovascular disease and the path mediated by physical activity?
What type of paths are the direct path from neighborhood violence to cardiovascular disease and the path mediated by physical activity?
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What is the role of physical activity in the given example?
What is the role of physical activity in the given example?
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What type of variables are income, race, and ethnicity in the given example?
What type of variables are income, race, and ethnicity in the given example?
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What is the main objective of drawing a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) in this context?
What is the main objective of drawing a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) in this context?
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What is the term for the unfair and avoidable differences in health outcomes that are influenced by the social determinants of health?
What is the term for the unfair and avoidable differences in health outcomes that are influenced by the social determinants of health?
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What is the main issue with only conditioning on income in the example?
What is the main issue with only conditioning on income in the example?
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What is the purpose of using a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) in this example?
What is the purpose of using a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) in this example?
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Which of the following is a social determinant of health?
Which of the following is a social determinant of health?
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What is the main limitation of conditioning on income and race/ethnicity?
What is the main limitation of conditioning on income and race/ethnicity?
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What is the main contribution of social epidemiology to our understanding of health disparities?
What is the main contribution of social epidemiology to our understanding of health disparities?
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What is the role of confounding variables in the example?
What is the role of confounding variables in the example?
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What does the example illustrate about the relationship between health disparities and social determinants?
What does the example illustrate about the relationship between health disparities and social determinants?
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What is the main takeaway from the example regarding the definition of health disparities?
What is the main takeaway from the example regarding the definition of health disparities?
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Study Notes
Social Epidemiology Example
- The example explores the relationship between neighborhood violence and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.
- Income and physical activity are considered as potential variables in defining the relationship between neighborhood violence and CVD risk.
Insufficient Conditioning
- Conditioning on income alone is insufficient to establish a relationship between neighborhood violence and CVD risk.
- Conditioning on race/ethnicity and income is also insufficient to establish a relationship between neighborhood violence and CVD risk.
- Conditioning on income and physical activity is similarly insufficient to establish a relationship between neighborhood violence and CVD risk.
Minimally Sufficient Set
- The combination of income and race/ethnicity is a minimally sufficient set of variables to establish a relationship between neighborhood violence and CVD risk.
Choosing Between Sets
- Two possible sets of minimally sufficient variables to measure the relationship between neighborhood violence and CVD risk are:
- Income and race/ethnicity
- Income and physical activity
DAG Errors
- Errors in the Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) can affect the outcome of the analysis.
- Forgetting important ancestors (variables) can lead to errors in the DAG.
Research Question
- The research question is: What is the effect of neighborhood violence on the risk of cardiovascular diseases?
Causal Paths
- Two causal paths exist between exposure (neighborhood violence) and outcome (CVD risk):
- Direct path from violence to CVD risk
- Path mediated by physical activity
- Three backdoor (biasing) paths exist that can affect the analysis.
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Description
This quiz assesses the relationship between physical activity and various health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease and neighborhood safety.