Cardiovascular Health Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the normal range for heart rate in beats per minute?

  • 80-120 bpm
  • 100-140 bpm
  • 40-60 bpm
  • 60-100 bpm (correct)

What does diastolic pressure represent?

  • Blood pressure when ventricles are relaxed (correct)
  • The average pressure in the arteries over one cardiac cycle
  • Maximum pressure in the arteries
  • Pressure during ventricular contraction

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of atherosclerosis?

  • Increased blood flow to the heart (correct)
  • Risk of blood clot formation
  • Angina production
  • Reduced blood supply

What is the primary characteristic of type 1 diabetes?

<p>Pancreas cannot produce insulin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can physical activity affect cardiovascular diseases?

<p>It improves heart function and reduces inflammation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct measurement for normal blood pressure?

<p>120/80 mmHg (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition describes chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart?

<p>Angina (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What lifestyle change is NOT recommended for managing cardiovascular disease?

<p>Ignore stress management (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between physical activity and the risk of disease and premature death?

<p>Inversely proportional - as physical activity increases, risk decreases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which guideline corresponds to adult physical activity recommendations for substantial health benefits?

<p>150-300 minutes of moderate activity per week. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT considered a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease?

<p>Family history (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym FITT stand for in the context of exercise planning?

<p>Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes sarcopenia?

<p>Loss of muscle mass, strength, and function with aging. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many hours per day are children recommended to engage in active play?

<p>3 hours (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the cardiovascular system?

<p>Lungs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are facultative aging factors?

<p>Environmental and lifestyle factors influencing aging that can be controlled. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary condition characterized by the body not producing enough insulin?

<p>Type 1 Diabetes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT associated with the risk of developing Type 2 Diabetes?

<p>High physical activity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is a glucose tolerance test commonly performed?

<p>After 8 hours of fasting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is responsible for the production and release of insulin?

<p>Pancreas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by a set of risk factors including increased blood pressure and high blood sugar?

<p>Metabolic Syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a modifiable risk factor for Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?

<p>Age (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does increased physical activity have on Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?

<p>Improves quality of life (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome for a fetus if the mother has gestational diabetes?

<p>Increased risk of developing diabetes later (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common risk factor for colon cancer?

<p>Age &gt; 50 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can lead to an increased risk of prostate cancer?

<p>Family history (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is cancer primarily prevented?

<p>Avoiding smoking and maintaining a healthy lifestyle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term metastasis refer to in cancer biology?

<p>The spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer?

<p>Asbestos exposure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic factors are linked to a higher likelihood of developing skin cancer?

<p>Exposure to UV light and tanning beds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are common side effects of cancer treatment?

<p>Fatigue and nausea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contribute to the increased mortality rate in individuals aged 65 and older with cancer?

<p>Higher rates of comorbid diseases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Function

The cardiovascular system's primary role is to transport oxygen and nutrients throughout the body while removing carbon dioxide and waste products.

Normal Heart Rate

A normal heart rate falls between 60 and 100 beats per minute (bpm).

Tachycardia

A fast heart rate, exceeding 100 bpm.

Bradycardia

A slow heart rate, below 60 bpm.

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Blood Pressure Measurement

Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg), with systolic pressure over diastolic pressure.

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Normal Blood Pressure

A healthy blood pressure reading is 120/80 mmHg.

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Atherosclerosis

A condition where fatty deposits (plaque) build up inside the arteries, narrowing them and restricting blood flow.

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Angina

Chest pain caused by reduced blood flow and oxygen to the heart, often relieved by rest or medication.

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Insulin Deficiency

The body does not produce enough insulin, a condition characteristic of type 1 diabetes.

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Insulin Resistance

The body's cells do not properly respond to insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels. Common in type 2 diabetes.

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How does diabetes affect the fetus?

Gestational diabetes causes the baby's pancreas to produce extra insulin to eliminate excess glucose. This leads to the baby storing more fat due to increased energy intake, potentially raising their future diabetes risk.

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Metabolic Syndrome

A cluster of conditions, including high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and abnormal cholesterol levels, that increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.

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What is the impact of physical activity on type 2 diabetes?

Regular physical activity can lower the chance of developing type 2 diabetes by 50%, and directly improves the body's response to insulin and glucose.

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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

Progressive damage and loss of function in the kidneys, potentially leading to fluid or waste buildup and electrolyte imbalances.

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Modifiable Risk Factors for CKD

Factors that can be changed to reduce the risk of chronic kidney disease, such as diabetes, high sodium intake, hypertension, smoking, and obesity.

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Function of the Kidneys

The kidneys filter waste products from the blood, including urea, water, salt, and proteins. They also produce hormones that regulate red blood cell production and blood pressure.

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Hyperkalemia

A condition where there is too much potassium in the blood.

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Cancer

Any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division.

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Metastasis

The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site.

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Colon Cancer Risk Factors

Factors that increase the likelihood of developing colon cancer, including age over 50, family history, inflammatory bowel disease, diet high in fat and red meat, low fruit and fiber intake, ethnicity (Blacks), smoking, obesity, and diabetes.

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Skin Cancer Risk Factors

Factors that increase the likelihood of developing skin cancer, including exposure to UV sunlight and tanning beds, fair complexion, and occupational exposure to tar, coal, pitch, or creosote.

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Prostate Cancer Risk Factors

Factors that increase the likelihood of developing prostate cancer, including age, ancestry, family history, and occupation as a farmer.

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Lung Cancer Risk Factors

Factors that increase the likelihood of developing lung cancer, including smoking (including secondhand exposure), radon gas exposure (miners), asbestos exposure, metal exposure (arsenic, nickel, chromium), family history, pulmonary fibrosis, COPD, sarcoidosis, and age over 40.

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Breast Cancer Risk Factors

Factors that increase the likelihood of developing breast cancer, including age over 50, family history (mother, grandmother, sister), personal history of breast cancer, and first pregnancy after the age of 30.

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Risk Factors

Factors that increase the likelihood of developing a disease. They can be modifiable (changeable) like diet or lifestyle, or non-modifiable (unchangeable) like genetics or gender.

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Physical Activity and Disease

Regular physical activity reduces the risk of premature death and helps prevent diseases. There's an inverse relationship: more activity means lower disease risk.

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Exercise vs. Physical Activity

All exercise is physical activity, but not all physical activity is exercise. Exercise is structured, planned, and repetitive, while physical activity is any movement.

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Adult PA Guidelines

Aim for 150-300 minutes of moderate-intensity PA per week, or 75-150 minutes of vigorous-intensity PA. Include muscle-strengthening activities twice a week.

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Children PA Guidelines

Children should engage in at least 3 hours of active play daily.

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Adolescent PA Guidelines

Teenagers need at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous PA daily, including muscle-strengthening activities 3 times a week.

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FITT Principles

A framework for designing exercise programs, considering Frequency (how often), Intensity (how hard), Time (how long), and Type (what kind of exercise).

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Sarcopenia

The age-related loss of muscle mass, strength, and function.

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Study Notes

Risk Factors

  • Modifiable risk factors include diet, lifestyle, and smoking
  • Non-modifiable risk factors include genetics and gender

Physical Activity and Disease

  • Physical activity (PA) reduces the risk of premature death and helps prevent diseases
  • There is an inverse relationship between PA and disease risk. Increased PA leads to decreased disease risk

Physical Activity and Exercise

  • Not all exercise is physical activity
  • Physical activity encompasses all movement, while exercise is a subset of structured physical activity

Benefits of Physical Activity

  • Strengthens muscles
  • Reduces disease risk

Physical Activity Guidelines

  • Adults: 150-300 minutes of moderate-intensity or 75-150 minutes of vigorous-intensity exercise per week
  • Children: 3 hours of active play per day
  • Adolescents: 1 hour of physical activity per day plus 3 muscle-strengthening sessions per week

Principles of Exercise and Fitness

  • FITT principle: Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type

Aging

  • Mandatory aging: Physiological processes over which we have no control (deterioration)
  • Facultative aging: Factors contributing to cell death over which we have control

Sarcopenia

  • Loss of muscle mass, strength, and function associated with aging

Cardiovascular Diseases

  • Diseases affecting the heart and blood vessels

Leading Causes of Death in US

  • Cardiovascular disease

Non-Modifiable CVD Risk Factors

  • Higher age
  • Male gender
  • Family history
  • Certain ethnicities

Modifiable CVD Risk Factors

  • High blood pressure
  • High cholesterol
  • Tobacco use
  • Diabetes
  • Unhealthy diet
  • Obesity
  • High stress

Cardiovascular System Components

  • Heart
  • Blood
  • Blood vessels (arteries and veins)

Cardiovascular System Function

  • Delivers oxygen and nutrients
  • Removes carbon dioxide and waste products

Heart Rate

  • Normal heart rate: 60-100 bpm
  • Tachycardia: >100 bpm
  • Bradycardia: <60 bpm

Slower Heart Rate Benefits

  • Heart works less hard, potentially lasting longer

Blood Pressure

  • Blood pressure: Force of blood against arterial walls
  • Systolic blood pressure: Measured during ventricular contraction
  • Diastolic blood pressure: Measured when ventricles relax (lowest pressure)
  • Normal blood pressure: 120/80 mmHg

Effects of Physical Activity on CVD

  • Improves heart function
  • Lowers blood pressure
  • Improves cholesterol
  • Boosts blood vessel health
  • Reduces inflammation
  • Aids in weight management

Atherosclerosis

  • Condition where fatty deposits (plaque) build up in artery walls

Arteriosclerosis Consequences

  • Reduced blood flow
  • Risk of blood clots
  • Angina
  • Heart attack

Angina

  • Chest pain due to reduced blood flow/oxygen to the heart

Peripheral Artery Disease

  • Lack of blood supply to extremities
  • Sign of advanced vascular disease

CVD Management

  • Diet
  • No tobacco use
  • Stress management
  • Increased physical activity

Type 1 Diabetes

  • Autoimmune disease
  • Pancreas cannot produce insulin

Type 2 Diabetes

  • High blood glucose due to impaired insulin utilization and decreased compensation
  • Often associated with obesity

Insulin Deficiency

  • Body does not produce enough insulin

Causes of Both Types of Diabetes

  • Hyperglycemia (High blood sugar)
  • High blood pressure

Diabetes Testing

  • Fasting blood glucose test
  • A1C test
  • Glucose tolerance test

Diabetes Risk Factors

  • Family history
  • Obesity
  • Inactivity/sedentary lifestyle
  • Ethnicity (e.g., African Americans, Native Americans, Hispanics, some Asian Americans)
  • Women with a history of gestational diabetes, PCOS, or large baby size
  • Prediabetes or metabolic syndrome

Gestational Diabetes Effect on Fetus

  • Baby's pancreas produces extra insulin
  • Baby gets more energy than needed, leading to fat storage
  • Higher risk of diabetes in the baby

Metabolic Syndrome

  • Group of conditions increasing risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes

Chronic Kidney Disease Effects

  • Progressive damage to kidneys
  • Fluid buildup
  • Electrolyte problems

Modifiable CKD Risk Factors

  • Diabetes
  • Sodium intake
  • High blood pressure
  • Smoking
  • Obesity

Non-Modifiable CKD Risk Factors

  • Age
  • Ethnicity
  • Genetics

Effects of PA on CKD

  • Improves quality of health

Kidney Function

  • Filters waste (urea, water, salt, proteins)
  • Creates hormones
  • Regulates blood pressure
  • Produces red blood cells

Diagnosing Kidney Disease

  • Blood tests
  • Urine tests
  • Imaging
  • Biopsy

Hyperkalemia

  • Too much potassium in the blood

Cancer

  • Abnormal and uncontrolled cell division
  • Can be inherited genetically or due to environmental factors

Types of Cancer

  • Breast
  • Colorectal
  • Kidney
  • Stomach
  • Lung

Cancer Spread

  • Metastasis

Colon Cancer Risk Factors

  • Age > 50
  • Family history (Crohn's or ulcerative colitis)
  • Diet (high fat, high red meat, low fruits & vegetables)
  • Ethnicity/race (e.g. blacks)
  • Smoking
  • Obesity
  • Diabetes Mellitus

Skin Cancer Risk Factors

  • Exposure to UV sunlight
  • Tanning beds
  • Fair complexion
  • Work with tar, coal, pitch, or creosote

Prostate Cancer Risk Factors

  • Age
  • Ancestry
  • Family history
  • Farmers

Lung Cancer Risk Factors

  • Smoking (including second-hand smoke)
  • Radon gas (miners)
  • Asbestos
  • Metals (arsenic, nickel, chromium)

Breast Cancer Risk Factors

  • Age > 40
  • Family history (mother, grandmother, sister)
  • Personal history
  • First pregnancy after 30

Relationship Between Cancer Development and Age

  • 60% and 2/3 of mortality in 65+ age group
  • Comorbid diseases (having more than one disease)

Cancer Treatment Side Effects

  • Fatigue
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Chronic pain
  • Weight fluctuations
  • Decreased immune function

Primary Cancer Prevention

  • Healthy diet
  • Physical activity
  • Avoid chemical exposure
  • Wear sunscreen

Secondary Cancer Prevention

  • Screening

Tertiary Cancer Prevention

  • Treatment
  • Rehabilitation

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Description

Test your knowledge on cardiovascular health, including heart rates, blood pressure, and diabetes. This quiz covers essential concepts and recommendations for physical activity and lifestyle changes. Challenge yourself to see how well you understand the factors affecting cardiovascular diseases.

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