Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes a phylogenetic tree?
Which of the following best describes a phylogenetic tree?
- A list of all known species on Earth.
- A classification system based on physical characteristics only.
- A diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among organisms. (correct)
- A method for identifying new species.
Systematics is primarily concerned with describing and naming new species, rather than inferring their evolutionary relationships.
Systematics is primarily concerned with describing and naming new species, rather than inferring their evolutionary relationships.
False (B)
What type of data is least useful when employing the analytical approach to classify organisms?
What type of data is least useful when employing the analytical approach to classify organisms?
emotional
The evolutionary history of a species or group of species is called ______.
The evolutionary history of a species or group of species is called ______.
Match the following taxonomic ranks with their correct order from broadest to most specific:
Match the following taxonomic ranks with their correct order from broadest to most specific:
Why are sedimentary rocks typically the richest source of fossils?
Why are sedimentary rocks typically the richest source of fossils?
Morphological analysis always provides a clear and accurate depiction of evolutionary relationships without the potential for misleading information.
Morphological analysis always provides a clear and accurate depiction of evolutionary relationships without the potential for misleading information.
Why is it important to consider analogous structures when conducting a morphological analysis for phylogenetic purposes?
Why is it important to consider analogous structures when conducting a morphological analysis for phylogenetic purposes?
The term for when organisms share similar morphologies or DNA sequences, suggesting they are closely related, is ______ analysis.
The term for when organisms share similar morphologies or DNA sequences, suggesting they are closely related, is ______ analysis.
Match the example with the kind of structure analysis in evolutionary biology
Match the example with the kind of structure analysis in evolutionary biology
In molecular analysis, what does aligning comparable regions of DNA sequences between different species help to identify?
In molecular analysis, what does aligning comparable regions of DNA sequences between different species help to identify?
If two species are distantly related, their DNA sequences will likely show very few differences across many sites and lengths.
If two species are distantly related, their DNA sequences will likely show very few differences across many sites and lengths.
What percentage of base sharing is tested via statistical tools?
What percentage of base sharing is tested via statistical tools?
The use of molecular systematics to determine evolutionary relationships involves aligning comparable regions and sequencing species to identify regions with ______ bases.
The use of molecular systematics to determine evolutionary relationships involves aligning comparable regions and sequencing species to identify regions with ______ bases.
Match the following molecular analysis with identifying if species are related
Match the following molecular analysis with identifying if species are related
In a branching phylogenetic tree, what does each branch point represent?
In a branching phylogenetic tree, what does each branch point represent?
Deeper branch points on a phylogenetic tree indicate less divergence and a more recent common ancestor compared to shallower branch points.
Deeper branch points on a phylogenetic tree indicate less divergence and a more recent common ancestor compared to shallower branch points.
What does the branch point represent?
What does the branch point represent?
The common ancestor of taxa is represented by each ______.
The common ancestor of taxa is represented by each ______.
Match the type of clade with the definition.
Match the type of clade with the definition.
In cladistics, what is a shared derived character?
In cladistics, what is a shared derived character?
Shared ancestral characters are evolutionary novelties unique to a particular clade.
Shared ancestral characters are evolutionary novelties unique to a particular clade.
What is a character that originated in the ancestor of the taxon?
What is a character that originated in the ancestor of the taxon?
An evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade is called a shared ______ characteristic.
An evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade is called a shared ______ characteristic.
Which of the following is one of the three domains in the modern tree of life?
Which of the following is one of the three domains in the modern tree of life?
Flashcards
Phylogeny
Phylogeny
Evolutionary history of a species or group of species, sorted by common ancestry and using fossil record and systematics.
Systematics
Systematics
Analytical approach to classifying organisms based on morphological, biochemical, and molecular data to infer evolutionary relationships.
Sedimentary rocks
Sedimentary rocks
Rocks formed from accumulated sediments; richest source of fossils and deposited into layers called strata.
Morphological analysis
Morphological analysis
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Molecular analysis
Molecular analysis
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Taxonomy
Taxonomy
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Branch points
Branch points
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Clade
Clade
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Monophyletic clade
Monophyletic clade
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Paraphyletic clade
Paraphyletic clade
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Polyphyletic clade
Polyphyletic clade
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Shared ancestral characteristics
Shared ancestral characteristics
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Shared derived characteristics
Shared derived characteristics
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Branch lengths
Branch lengths
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Domains of Life
Domains of Life
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Study Notes
Phylogeny and Systematics
- Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species or a group.
- Phylogeny is sorted by common ancestry using the fossil record and systematics.
- Systematics is an analytical approach to classifying organisms.
- Systematics uses morphological, biochemical, and molecular data to infer evolutionary relationships.
Analysis Tools: Fossil Record
- The fossil record involves sedimentary rocks, which are the richest source of fossils.
- Sedimentary rocks are deposited into layers called strata.
- The fossil record can be used for relative dating.
Analysis Tools: Morphological Analysis
- Morphological analysis involves organisms that share similar morphologies or DNA sequences, and are likely more closely related.
- It is important to be careful of analogous structures due to convergent evolution, where organisms might not share a common ancestor.
- eg, the Australian mole and the North American mole.
- eg, bat wings and bird wings.
Analysis Tools: Molecular Analysis
- Molecular analysis uses molecular systematics to determine evolutionary relationships.
- Molecular systematics involves sequencing species and aligning comparable regions.
- If species are distantly related, there will be different bases at many sites and different lengths.
- Statistical tools are used to test if sequences share >25% of bases.
Homologous Structures
- Animals that possess homologous structures likely evolved from the same ancestor.
Taxonomy
- Taxonomy is the ordered division of organisms into categories.
- Taxonomy is based on a set of characteristics.
- A scientific name includes the genus and species.
Linking Classification and Phylogeny
- Systematics depict evolutionary relationships.
- This is done via branching phylogenetic trees.
Branch Points
- Branch points represent the divergence of two evolutionary lineages from a common ancestor.
- "Deeper" branch points represent progressively greater amounts of divergence.
Cladistics
- Cladistics studies resemblances among clades.
- A clade is a group of species including an ancestral species and all descendants.
- A valid clade is monophyletic and consists of an ancestor species and all its descendants.
- A paraphyletic clade includes an ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants (lacking a descendant).
- A polyphyletic clade includes numerous types of organisms that lack a common ancestor.
Shared Characteristics
- Shared ancestral characteristics originated in an ancestor of the taxon.
- Shared derived characteristics are an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade.
- Vertebrae are not unique to mammals, but hair is (therefore hair is unique to mammals).
Branch Lengths
- Branch lengths can represent time or genetic change, which must be stated.
Tree of Life
- The 'old' system had five kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia.
- The current system uses three domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
- The three domain system has replaced the five kingdom system.
- Each domain is split into many kingdoms.
- The tree of life is divided into three great clades called domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
- The early history of the three domains is not yet clear.
- A ring may be a better representation of the early tree of life.
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