Systematics and Phylogeny Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What does a clade represent in systematics?

  • A grouping of organisms that share no common ancestors
  • A common ancestor and all its descendants (correct)
  • Only the ancestors of a group
  • A single species

    • What does each branch point in a phylogenetic tree represent?

  • The extinction of a species
  • The divergence of two species (correct)
  • The classification of organisms
  • The formation of a clade

    • Which of the following statements is true about phylogenetic trees?

  • They reveal the amount of genetic change in lineages.
  • They can show patterns of descent. (correct)
  • They indicate the exact time species evolved.
  • They suggest that each species evolved from the one next to it.

    • What is a rooted tree in phylogenetics?

    <p>A tree that includes a branch for the last common ancestor of all taxa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of phylogenetic trees, what are sister taxa?

    <p>Taxa that share an immediate common ancestor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a polytomy in a phylogenetic tree?

    <p>A branch from which more than two groups emerge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information does phylogenetic analysis typically provide about species?

    <p>Similar characteristics in closely related species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of data do systematists use to infer evolutionary relationships?

    <p>Fossil, molecular, and genetic data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of living organisms?

    <p>They can respond to environmental changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of organization encompasses both living and non-living components?

    <p>Ecosystem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the biosphere, which term refers to individuals of a single species in a specific area?

    <p>Population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of organelles within eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Carry out specialized functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Eukaryotic cells have a defined nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the binomial system of nomenclature, how are organisms classified?

    <p>By their genus and species names.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of organization represents the fundamental units of life?

    <p>Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the biosphere is correct?

    <p>It encompasses all areas of Earth that support life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of mitochondria in animal cells?

    <p>Production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organelles is involved in detoxification in animal cells?

    <p>Smooth endoplasmic reticulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes prokaryotic cells when compared to eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Circular chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure controls the movement of substances in and out of eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary function of the Golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells is to:

    <p>Process and package materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of lysosomes in animal cells?

    <p>Digestion of organic particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the cell nucleus is responsible for synthesizing ribosomes?

    <p>Nucleolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) from smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

    <p>Presence of ribosomes on its surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What classification system was adopted after the five kingdom model?

    <p>Three-Domain System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a domain that includes prokaryotic organisms?

    <p>Archaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT belong to the domain Eukarya?

    <p>Methanobacterium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature that distinguishes the three domains of life?

    <p>The presence of a nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which domain is most closely associated with extremophiles?

    <p>Archaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which domains are primarily composed of unicellular organisms?

    <p>Bacteria and Archaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features supports the three-domain classification system?

    <p>Data from sequenced genomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is considered a common ancestor of all life in the three-domain system?

    <p>Prokaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is gene flow primarily responsible for in populations?

    <p>Reducing genetic differences between populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism describes genetic changes that occur due to random chance events?

    <p>Genetic drift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the movement of alleles through gene flow affect a population's fitness?

    <p>It can both increase or decrease fitness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the founder effect in genetic terms?

    <p>Isolation of a few individuals from a larger group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about the bottleneck effect?

    <p>It results in a smaller gene pool that may not represent the original population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary consequence of genetic drift in small populations?

    <p>Loss of genetic variation through allele loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can alleles that confer insecticide resistance increase the fitness of a mosquito population?

    <p>They enhance survival against insecticide treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which environmental factor can negatively influence the fitness of a population due to gene flow?

    <p>Introduction of harmful alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically occurs when a population experiences genetic drift?

    <p>Allele frequencies fluctuate unpredictably.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does gene flow affect allele frequencies compared to mutation?

    <p>Gene flow directly alters allele frequencies more than mutation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Systematics and Phylogeny

    • Systematics classifies organisms and determines evolutionary relationships.
    • Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species or group of species.
    • Systematists use fossil, molecular, and genetic data to infer relationships.
    • A clade includes a common ancestor and all descendants.

    Phylogenetic Trees

    • A phylogenetic tree represents a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships.
    • Each branch point represents the divergence of two species.
    • Sister taxa share an immediate common ancestor.
    • A rooted tree includes a branch representing the last common ancestor of all taxa.
    • A polytomy is a branch where more than two groups emerge.

    What Phylogenetic Trees Show

    • They show patterns of descent.
    • They do not indicate when species evolved or the amount of genetic change in a lineage.
    • It’s incorrect to assume that a taxon evolved from the taxon next to it.
    • Phylogeny provides information about similar characteristics in closely related species.

    Biosphere and Taxonomy

    • The biosphere includes all areas of Earth with life.
    • An ecosystem consists of living and non-living components.
    • A community is the different species in an ecosystem.
    • A population is all individuals of a species in a given area.
    • Organisms are the individuals of a population.

    Levels of Organization

    • Organ systems have specialized functions.
    • Organs are structures with specialized functions.
    • Tissues are composed of cells, the fundamental units of life.
    • Organelles are structures within cells with specialized functions.
    • Molecules are made up of atoms that can join to form larger structures.

    Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

    • Prokaryotes lack a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.
    • Eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts.
    • Prokaryotes have a small cell size.
    • Eukaryotes have a larger cell size.
    • Prokaryotes have peptidoglycans in their cell wall (bacteria).
    • Eukaryotes lack peptidoglycans in their cell wall.

    Animal Cells

    • The plasma membrane controls what enters and exits the cell.
    • Lysosomes contain enzymes for digesting organic particles.
    • Mitochondria produce ATP by cellular respiration.
    • Ribosomes produce proteins.
    • The endomembrane system includes the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.
    • The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is involved in protein transport.
    • The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) participates in detoxification and steroid production.
    • The Golgi processes and packages material for export or use within the cell.
    • The nuclear envelope encloses the genetic material and controls entry and exit.
    • The nucleolus is involved in the synthesis of ribosomes and RNA.

    Three Domain System

    • Early classification recognized two kingdoms: plants and animals.
    • Later, five kingdoms were recognized: Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia.
    • The three-domain system (Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya) is now widely accepted.

    Mechanisms of Evolution

    • Gene flow involves the movement of alleles among populations.
    • Natural selection leads to differential survival and reproduction based on environmental influences.
    • Genetic drift involves random changes in allele frequencies due to chance factors.

    Gene Flow

    • Gene flow reduces differences between populations over time.
    • It is more likely than mutation to directly alter allele frequencies.

    Genetic Drift

    • Smaller sample sizes have a higher chance of deviating from predicted results.
    • Genetic drift causes unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies.
    • It tends to reduce genetic variation by eliminating alleles.

    Founder Effect

    • A few individuals become isolated from a larger population.
    • Allele frequencies in the small founder population may differ from the parent population.

    Bottleneck Effect

    • A sudden reduction in population size occurs due to environmental changes.
    • The resulting gene pool may no longer reflect the original population.
    • Small populations are susceptible to further genetic drift.

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    Week 1 Biology 1110 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge of systematics and phylogeny with this quiz. Explore the classification of organisms, evolutionary relationships, and the structure of phylogenetic trees. Understand key concepts such as clades, sister taxa, and patterns of descent.

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