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Questions and Answers
What are the three tenets of evolution by natural selection?
What are the three tenets of evolution by natural selection?
Which of the following processes contributes to genetic diversity?
Which of the following processes contributes to genetic diversity?
What role do zooxanthellae play in the symbiotic relationship with clownfish and anemone?
What role do zooxanthellae play in the symbiotic relationship with clownfish and anemone?
Which type of succession occurs on a previously uncolonized substrate?
Which type of succession occurs on a previously uncolonized substrate?
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What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
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What is the primary feeding habit of coral polyps?
What is the primary feeding habit of coral polyps?
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What causes mutations in genetic material?
What causes mutations in genetic material?
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What is a significant difference between primary and secondary succession?
What is a significant difference between primary and secondary succession?
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What role do tolerance limits play in an organism's survival?
What role do tolerance limits play in an organism's survival?
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What type of relationship is exhibited between clownfish, anemones, and zooxanthellae?
What type of relationship is exhibited between clownfish, anemones, and zooxanthellae?
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What constitutes a taxon in biological classification?
What constitutes a taxon in biological classification?
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Which of the following concepts describes species as members of populations that can interbreed?
Which of the following concepts describes species as members of populations that can interbreed?
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What is a phylogenetic tree primarily used for?
What is a phylogenetic tree primarily used for?
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Which of the following statements about biodiversity is correct?
Which of the following statements about biodiversity is correct?
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What describes an Evolutionarily Significant Unit?
What describes an Evolutionarily Significant Unit?
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Which species concept focuses on organisms adapted to a specific set of resources?
Which species concept focuses on organisms adapted to a specific set of resources?
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How is genetic similarity relevant to the Genetic Species Concept?
How is genetic similarity relevant to the Genetic Species Concept?
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Which statement about the Evolutionary Species Concept is correct?
Which statement about the Evolutionary Species Concept is correct?
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What is a defining characteristic of a biome?
What is a defining characteristic of a biome?
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Which of the following biomes is characterized by high latitude and altitude with short stature vegetation?
Which of the following biomes is characterized by high latitude and altitude with short stature vegetation?
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What role do zooxanthellae play in the symbiotic relationship with jellyfish?
What role do zooxanthellae play in the symbiotic relationship with jellyfish?
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Which condition is NOT a factor that determines the type of biome present?
Which condition is NOT a factor that determines the type of biome present?
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In a jellyfish lake, where do the jellyfish migrate at night?
In a jellyfish lake, where do the jellyfish migrate at night?
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What type of freshwater biome is characterized by shallow, continuously or seasonally wet habitats?
What type of freshwater biome is characterized by shallow, continuously or seasonally wet habitats?
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Which of the following marine biomes is known as a marine desert due to deep waters being highly unproductive?
Which of the following marine biomes is known as a marine desert due to deep waters being highly unproductive?
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What environmental condition influences vegetation changes at higher elevations on a mountainside?
What environmental condition influences vegetation changes at higher elevations on a mountainside?
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What characterizes primary succession in a given area?
What characterizes primary succession in a given area?
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In secondary succession, what may primarily determine the composition of the initial colonizers?
In secondary succession, what may primarily determine the composition of the initial colonizers?
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Which group of organisms is considered at the lowest trophic level?
Which group of organisms is considered at the lowest trophic level?
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What is the main role of secondary producers in an ecosystem?
What is the main role of secondary producers in an ecosystem?
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How is ecological productivity primarily described?
How is ecological productivity primarily described?
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Which process is primarily responsible for energy capture in ecosystems?
Which process is primarily responsible for energy capture in ecosystems?
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What is the significance of primary production?
What is the significance of primary production?
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Who are considered tertiary consumers in an ecosystem?
Who are considered tertiary consumers in an ecosystem?
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Study Notes
Classification - Diversity of Species
- Taxon: Any named group of organisms distinct enough for categorization.
- Phylogenetics: The study of evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms.
- Phylogenetic tree: A diagram used to visualize evolutionary relationships.
- Biological Species Concept: Species are populations that interbreed or have the potential to interbreed in nature.
- Evolutionary Species Concept: A lineage where gene flow exists, representing a distinct evolutionary path.
- Ecological Species Concept: A group of organisms adapted to a specific ecological niche.
- Reproductive Species: Organisms that naturally produce fertile offspring of both sexes.
- Isolation Species: Populations that are reproductively isolated from others.
- Genetic Species: Individuals or populations with similar DNA.
- Evolutionarily Significant Unit (ESU): Distinct populations for conservation purposes.
- Asexual Eukaryotes & Prokaryotes: Share some "species" characteristics, but not all.
Biodiversity
- Biodiversity: The variation of life forms within species, ecosystems, biomes, or the entire planet.
- Descent with Modification: Evolutionary processes create diversity at all biological levels, including: species, organisms, and molecules.
Natural Selection
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Three Tenets of Natural Selection:
- More offspring are produced than can survive.
- Traits vary among individuals.
- These trait differences are heritable.
- Evolution occurs through changes in heritable traits controlled by genes within an organism's genome.
- Genotype: An organism's genetic makeup.
- Phenotype: An organism's observable traits.
Heredity and Variation
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Variation arises from genetic diversity, which includes:
- Mutations in the genetic makeup of organisms.
- Sexual Reproduction which mixes genes in offspring.
- Migration between populations, introducing new genes.
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Mutation: Changes in the DNA or RNA sequence.
- Caused by radiation, viruses, mutagenic chemicals, or errors during meiosis.
- Spontaneous mutations occur naturally.
- Induced mutations are caused by external factors.
- Deep Homology: Similar genetic mechanisms governing growth and development across different species.
Sexual Reproduction
- Sexual reproduction results in offspring with a random mixture of genetic information from their parents.
Natural Selection and Environment
- Tolerance Limits: Minimum and maximum levels of environmental factors that allow a species to survive and reproduce.
- Habitat: The environment where an organism lives.
- Ecological Niche: The role an organism plays in its ecosystem, including its resources and interactions with other organisms.
Coral Symbiosis
- Coral: Predacious animals, related to jellyfish and anemones.
- Zooxanthellae: Microalgae living symbiotically with corals.
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Coral-Zooxanthellae Relationship:
- Coral provides nutrients and CO2.
- Zooxanthellae provide fixed carbon (food) and oxygen.
Anemone-Clownfish-Zooxanthellae Symbiosis
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Mutualism: All three species benefit from the relationship.
- Clownfish: Protection from the anemone.
- Zooxanthellae: Nutrients from the fish via the anemone.
- Anemone: Carbon from the zooxanthellae.
Biological Communities
- Species: Organisms with a close genetic relationship.
- Population: All members of a single species living in the same place at the same time.
- Biological Community: All species living together in the same place at the same time.
- Ecosystem: A biological community and its environment.
Ecosystem Structure and Productivity
- Productivity: The amount of energy or biomass produced in an ecosystem over time.
- Primary Producers (Autotrophs): Plants and photosynthetic bacteria, the lowest trophic level.
- Secondary Producers (Primary Consumers): Herbivores that feed on plants.
- Tertiary Producers (Secondary Consumers): Carnivores that feed on herbivores.
- Quaternary Producers (Tertiary Consumers): Top predators that feed on other carnivores.
- Omnivores: Feed on both plants and animals.
Energy for Life
- Solar Energy: The primary source of energy for life, used in photosynthesis.
- Cellular Respiration: The process of converting food into usable energy.
Biomes
- Biome: A geographically extensive ecosystem characterized by its climate, soil, and biological communities.
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Factors determining biomes:
- Temperature: Equatorial regions are typically warmer than high-latitude or high-altitude areas.
- Rainfall: Precipitation levels vary across biomes.
Terrestrial Biomes
- Tundra: Cold, treeless biome with low-growing vegetation, found at high latitudes (arctic) and altitudes (alpine).
- Boreal Forest: Coniferous forest found in northern subarctic regions.
- Montane Forest: A subalpine analogue of the boreal forest, found at higher elevations.
Freshwater Biomes
- Lentic: Still water habitats, like lakes and ponds.
- Lotic: Flowing water habitats, like rivers and streams.
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Wetlands: Shallow, seasonally or continuously wet habitats.
- Marsh: Dominated by reeds.
- Swamp: Usually forested.
- Bog: Nutrient-poor and acidic.
- Fen: Nutrient-rich and often alkaline.
Marine Biomes
- Open Ocean: Deep, nutrient-poor water, considered a marine desert.
- Continental Shelf Waters: Shallow, nutrient-rich waters.
- Upwellings: Areas with significant vertical water movement, bringing up nutrients.
- Estuaries: Where rivers meet the sea.
- Seashores: Coastal environments.
- Coral Reefs: Diverse, complex ecosystems in warm, clear waters.
Succession
- Succession: The process of change over time in the species present in a given place.
- Primary Succession: Succession starting on a previously uncolonized substrate.
- Secondary Succession: Succession starting on a previously colonized substrate.
Primary Succession
- Fresh Substrate: Nutrient-poor and undevelopd.
- Pioneer Species: Rapidly-growing organisms with low investment in hard structures (e.g., vines).
- Changes Over Time: Pioneer species modify the substrate, making it suitable for later colonists.
- Competitive Domination: Over time, competitively dominant species replace the pioneer species, often in a predictable sequence.
Secondary Succession
- Suitable Substrate: Existing soil or substrate suitable for immediate colonization.
- Influence of Surrounding Communities: Neighboring communities influence species composition.
- Changes Over Time: Pioneer species are gradually replaced by taller, woodier species.
Mud Dauber Wasps
- Ectoparasitoid: A parasite that lives outside its host and eventually kills it.
- Mud Dauber Wasp Nests: Contain caterpillars that serve as food for the developing wasp larvae.
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Description
Explore the intricate world of species classification and diversity with this quiz. Test your knowledge on concepts such as phylogenetics, species concepts, and evolutionary relationships. Discover how different species are categorized and the significance of their adaptations.
