Classification - Diversity of Species
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Classification - Diversity of Species

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Questions and Answers

What are the three tenets of evolution by natural selection?

  • More offspring are produced than can survive, traits vary, trait differences are heritable. (correct)
  • Majority of offspring survive, traits are constant, traits are acquired.
  • Offspring vary widely, traits are always beneficial, traits change rapidly.
  • All species compete equally, genetics do not matter, variations are minimal.

    • Which of the following processes contributes to genetic diversity?

  • Increasing population size.
  • Genetic uniformity within a species.
  • Identical asexual reproduction.
  • Migration between populations. (correct)

    • What role do zooxanthellae play in the symbiotic relationship with clownfish and anemone?

  • They protect the clownfish from predators.
  • They give carbon to the anemone while receiving nutrients from the fish. (correct)
  • They provide nutrition and help the clownfish find food.
  • They consume toxins released by the clownfish.

    • Which type of succession occurs on a previously uncolonized substrate?

    <p>Primary succession</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

    <p>Genotype is the set of genes, phenotype is the observable traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feeding habit of coral polyps?

    <p>Feeding on plankton during the night</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes mutations in genetic material?

    <p>Exposure to mutagenic chemicals and radiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant difference between primary and secondary succession?

    <p>Primary succession occurs on previously uncolonized substrates, while secondary occurs on previously colonized ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do tolerance limits play in an organism's survival?

    <p>Tolerance limits set the boundaries for environmental conditions needed for survival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of relationship is exhibited between clownfish, anemones, and zooxanthellae?

    <p>Mutualistic relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constitutes a taxon in biological classification?

    <p>A named group of organisms that is sufficiently distinct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following concepts describes species as members of populations that can interbreed?

    <p>Biological Species Concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a phylogenetic tree primarily used for?

    <p>Depicting the evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about biodiversity is correct?

    <p>Biodiversity encompasses the degree of variation of life forms within different levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes an Evolutionarily Significant Unit?

    <p>A population considered distinct for conservation purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species concept focuses on organisms adapted to a specific set of resources?

    <p>Ecological Species Concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is genetic similarity relevant to the Genetic Species Concept?

    <p>It relates to the similarity of DNA of individuals or populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the Evolutionary Species Concept is correct?

    <p>It defines species through integration by gene flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of a biome?

    <p>It is a broad, regional type of ecosystem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following biomes is characterized by high latitude and altitude with short stature vegetation?

    <p>Tundra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do zooxanthellae play in the symbiotic relationship with jellyfish?

    <p>They perform photosynthesis to produce nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT a factor that determines the type of biome present?

    <p>Proximity to urban areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a jellyfish lake, where do the jellyfish migrate at night?

    <p>To the middle of the lake and dive into the chemocline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of freshwater biome is characterized by shallow, continuously or seasonally wet habitats?

    <p>Wetlands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following marine biomes is known as a marine desert due to deep waters being highly unproductive?

    <p>The open ocean</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What environmental condition influences vegetation changes at higher elevations on a mountainside?

    <p>Decreased temperatures and greater precipitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes primary succession in a given area?

    <p>Pioneer species can modify the substrate over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In secondary succession, what may primarily determine the composition of the initial colonizers?

    <p>The previous disturbance that affected the area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of organisms is considered at the lowest trophic level?

    <p>Photosynthetic bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of secondary producers in an ecosystem?

    <p>To consume primary producers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is ecological productivity primarily described?

    <p>As the total biomass available in a habitat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is primarily responsible for energy capture in ecosystems?

    <p>Photosynthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of primary production?

    <p>It quantifies the amount of carbon stored in biomass.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who are considered tertiary consumers in an ecosystem?

    <p>Carnivores that eat herbivores.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Classification - Diversity of Species

    • Taxon: Any named group of organisms distinct enough for categorization.
    • Phylogenetics: The study of evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms.
    • Phylogenetic tree: A diagram used to visualize evolutionary relationships.
    • Biological Species Concept: Species are populations that interbreed or have the potential to interbreed in nature.
    • Evolutionary Species Concept: A lineage where gene flow exists, representing a distinct evolutionary path.
    • Ecological Species Concept: A group of organisms adapted to a specific ecological niche.
    • Reproductive Species: Organisms that naturally produce fertile offspring of both sexes.
    • Isolation Species: Populations that are reproductively isolated from others.
    • Genetic Species: Individuals or populations with similar DNA.
    • Evolutionarily Significant Unit (ESU): Distinct populations for conservation purposes.
    • Asexual Eukaryotes & Prokaryotes: Share some "species" characteristics, but not all.

    Biodiversity

    • Biodiversity: The variation of life forms within species, ecosystems, biomes, or the entire planet.
    • Descent with Modification: Evolutionary processes create diversity at all biological levels, including: species, organisms, and molecules.

    Natural Selection

    • Three Tenets of Natural Selection:
      • More offspring are produced than can survive.
      • Traits vary among individuals.
      • These trait differences are heritable.
      • Evolution occurs through changes in heritable traits controlled by genes within an organism's genome.
    • Genotype: An organism's genetic makeup.
    • Phenotype: An organism's observable traits.

    Heredity and Variation

    • Variation arises from genetic diversity, which includes:
      • Mutations in the genetic makeup of organisms.
      • Sexual Reproduction which mixes genes in offspring.
      • Migration between populations, introducing new genes.
    • Mutation: Changes in the DNA or RNA sequence.
      • Caused by radiation, viruses, mutagenic chemicals, or errors during meiosis.
      • Spontaneous mutations occur naturally.
      • Induced mutations are caused by external factors.
    • Deep Homology: Similar genetic mechanisms governing growth and development across different species.

    Sexual Reproduction

    • Sexual reproduction results in offspring with a random mixture of genetic information from their parents.

    Natural Selection and Environment

    • Tolerance Limits: Minimum and maximum levels of environmental factors that allow a species to survive and reproduce.
    • Habitat: The environment where an organism lives.
    • Ecological Niche: The role an organism plays in its ecosystem, including its resources and interactions with other organisms.

    Coral Symbiosis

    • Coral: Predacious animals, related to jellyfish and anemones.
    • Zooxanthellae: Microalgae living symbiotically with corals.
    • Coral-Zooxanthellae Relationship:
      • Coral provides nutrients and CO2.
      • Zooxanthellae provide fixed carbon (food) and oxygen.

    Anemone-Clownfish-Zooxanthellae Symbiosis

    • Mutualism: All three species benefit from the relationship.
      • Clownfish: Protection from the anemone.
      • Zooxanthellae: Nutrients from the fish via the anemone.
      • Anemone: Carbon from the zooxanthellae.

    Biological Communities

    • Species: Organisms with a close genetic relationship.
    • Population: All members of a single species living in the same place at the same time.
    • Biological Community: All species living together in the same place at the same time.
    • Ecosystem: A biological community and its environment.

    Ecosystem Structure and Productivity

    • Productivity: The amount of energy or biomass produced in an ecosystem over time.
    • Primary Producers (Autotrophs): Plants and photosynthetic bacteria, the lowest trophic level.
    • Secondary Producers (Primary Consumers): Herbivores that feed on plants.
    • Tertiary Producers (Secondary Consumers): Carnivores that feed on herbivores.
    • Quaternary Producers (Tertiary Consumers): Top predators that feed on other carnivores.
    • Omnivores: Feed on both plants and animals.

    Energy for Life

    • Solar Energy: The primary source of energy for life, used in photosynthesis.
    • Cellular Respiration: The process of converting food into usable energy.

    Biomes

    • Biome: A geographically extensive ecosystem characterized by its climate, soil, and biological communities.
    • Factors determining biomes:
      • Temperature: Equatorial regions are typically warmer than high-latitude or high-altitude areas.
      • Rainfall: Precipitation levels vary across biomes.

    Terrestrial Biomes

    • Tundra: Cold, treeless biome with low-growing vegetation, found at high latitudes (arctic) and altitudes (alpine).
    • Boreal Forest: Coniferous forest found in northern subarctic regions.
    • Montane Forest: A subalpine analogue of the boreal forest, found at higher elevations.

    Freshwater Biomes

    • Lentic: Still water habitats, like lakes and ponds.
    • Lotic: Flowing water habitats, like rivers and streams.
    • Wetlands: Shallow, seasonally or continuously wet habitats.
      • Marsh: Dominated by reeds.
      • Swamp: Usually forested.
      • Bog: Nutrient-poor and acidic.
      • Fen: Nutrient-rich and often alkaline.

    Marine Biomes

    • Open Ocean: Deep, nutrient-poor water, considered a marine desert.
    • Continental Shelf Waters: Shallow, nutrient-rich waters.
    • Upwellings: Areas with significant vertical water movement, bringing up nutrients.
    • Estuaries: Where rivers meet the sea.
    • Seashores: Coastal environments.
    • Coral Reefs: Diverse, complex ecosystems in warm, clear waters.

    Succession

    • Succession: The process of change over time in the species present in a given place.
    • Primary Succession: Succession starting on a previously uncolonized substrate.
    • Secondary Succession: Succession starting on a previously colonized substrate.

    Primary Succession

    • Fresh Substrate: Nutrient-poor and undevelopd.
    • Pioneer Species: Rapidly-growing organisms with low investment in hard structures (e.g., vines).
    • Changes Over Time: Pioneer species modify the substrate, making it suitable for later colonists.
    • Competitive Domination: Over time, competitively dominant species replace the pioneer species, often in a predictable sequence.

    Secondary Succession

    • Suitable Substrate: Existing soil or substrate suitable for immediate colonization.
    • Influence of Surrounding Communities: Neighboring communities influence species composition.
    • Changes Over Time: Pioneer species are gradually replaced by taller, woodier species.

    Mud Dauber Wasps

    • Ectoparasitoid: A parasite that lives outside its host and eventually kills it.
    • Mud Dauber Wasp Nests: Contain caterpillars that serve as food for the developing wasp larvae.

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    Explore the intricate world of species classification and diversity with this quiz. Test your knowledge on concepts such as phylogenetics, species concepts, and evolutionary relationships. Discover how different species are categorized and the significance of their adaptations.

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