Phylogenetic Trees and Cladistics

• A "rooted" phylogenetic tree extends back to the origin of life.
• The base is the common ancestor of all taxa.
• Knowing the genus of the common housefly provides the most specific information.
• Some molecular data classifies Giant Pandas in the bear family (ursidae).
• Lesser pandas are classified in the raccoon family (procyonidae).
• Morphological similarities between giant and lesser pandas are due to analogous structures.
• Advances in molecular genetics are most closely linked to the importance of computers and software to modern cladistics.
• The 4-chambered hearts of birds and mammals are best described as homoplasies.
• Two extant species, most closely related to each other in Figure 26.1, are C and D.
• Species A and E are extinct, referring to Figure 26.1.
• Species A should serve as the outgroup for the clade whose common ancestor occurs at position 2 on Figure 26.1.
• Shared derived characters are most likely found in taxa that are monophyletic.
• When using a cladistic approach to systematics, shared derived characters is considered most important for classification.
• Humans shared a common ancestor most recently with chimpanzees.
• The nuclear DNA of wolves and domestic dogs has a very high degree of homology as they shared a common ancestor very recently.
• Gene duplication can increase the size of a genome over evolutionary time.
• E is the most likely depiction of evolutionary relationships among the five species.
• Intron I has a relatively high sequence homology among the five species as it codes for an important part of a polypeptide as an exon.
• Monera is an obsolete kingdom including all prokaryotic organisms.
• Gram-positive bacteria are vulnerable to inhibition by penicillin.
• B. bacteriophorus penetrates the following structures on its way to the prey's cytoplasm: capsule → membrane of lipopolysaccharide → peptidoglycan → membrane of phospholipids.
• Bacteria in high sugar environments undergo death by plasmolysis.
• Microevolution is the term that best describes what has occurred among the experimental populations of cells in the experiment.
• Time B's curve shape is responsible for the entry of single-stranded Hfr DNA and the rolling circle replication of single-stranded Hfr DNA.
• Carl Woese used genetic characteristics such as ribosomal RNA sequences for dividing prokaryotes into two domains.
• Overuse of antibiotics can select for antibiotic-resistant strains of bacterial.
• Dinoflagellates contains species that produce potent toxins that effect fish, shellfish and humans.
• Diatoms sink most slowly in cold seawater.
• DNA sequences provides the best evidence for not classifying slime molds as fungi.
• Chloroplast from red alga and pseudopods will equip a protist that can perform photosynthesis in deep water.
• Test tube 2 contains Pfiesteria (dinoflagellate).
• Hox genes are strongly influenced by number of legs of an insect, number of vertebrae in a vertebral column, or the number of joints in a digit
• Cephalization is primarily associated with bilateral symmetry.
• You are trying to identify an organism. It is an animal, but it does not have nerve or muscle tissue. It is neither diploblastic nor triploblastic, it is probably a sponge
• Group II consists of deuterostomes.
• Group III includes ecdysozoans and lophotrochozoans.
• Muscular activity of the digestive system distorts the body wall.
• The blastopore denotes the presence of an endoderm-lined cavity in the developing embryo, a cavity that is known as the archenteron.
• "Radiata" that included all animal species whose members have true radial symmetry, then such a taxon would be paraphyletic.
• In the traditional phylogeny (Fig. 32.2A), the sponges are considered to be a clade, whereas in the molecular phylogeny (Fig. 32.2B), sponges do not all have a common ancestor that is unique only to them.
• If the traditional phylogeny (Fig. 32.2A) eventually becomes obsolete, the formerly close relationship depicted between the annelids and arthropods will probably be viewed, in retrospect, as an instance of scientists having mistakenly identified analogous features as homologous features.
• The student has probably been infected by tapeworm.
• The type of body cavity, number of muscle layers in the worm's body wall, and presence of body segmentation can be used to distinguish a nematode from an annelid.
• The teacher would point out a feeding ectoproct to show the students what a lophophore is.
• The teacher should have chosen the shrimp and copepods to point out organisms that belong to the most successful animal phylum.
• The leech is excluded because of its lack of external segmentation.
• The structure is a cranium made of cartilage.
• According to one hypothesis, the jaws of vertebrates were derived by the modification of skeletal rods that had supported pharyngeal (gill) slits.
• The amniotic egg considered an important evolutionary breakthrough as it allows incubation of eggs in a terrestrial environment.
• The discovery of the fossil Archaeopteryx supports: the phylogenetic relatedness of birds and reptiles.
• Ray-finned fishes are the most abundant and diverse of extant vertebrates.
• Arrangement of the taxonomic terms from most inclusive to least inclusive: primates-> anthropoids-> hominoids-> hominins-> Homo.

Explore rooted phylogenetic trees extending to the origin of life and the role of common ancestors. Understanding the classification of pandas, homoplasies, and the significance of molecular genetics in cladistics. Discover how shared derived characters define monophyletic taxa.