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Questions and Answers
What characterizes saturated fatty acids?
What characterizes saturated fatty acids?
- They are always liquid at room temperature.
- They are completely saturated with hydrogen atoms. (correct)
- They contain at least one double bond.
- They contain an even number of carbon atoms. (correct)
What is the process of saponification primarily used for?
What is the process of saponification primarily used for?
- To synthesize complex lipids from simple lipids.
- To create fatty acids from triglycerides.
- To produce glycerol and soap from triglycerides. (correct)
- To hydrolyze fatty acid salts into alcohols.
Which statement is true regarding simple lipids?
Which statement is true regarding simple lipids?
- They consist of only fatty acids without alcohol.
- They are more complex than complex lipids.
- They cannot undergo hydrolysis.
- They consist of alcohol and one or more fatty acids. (correct)
Which type of fatty acid does not have any double bonds?
Which type of fatty acid does not have any double bonds?
What primarily determines the water solubility of lipids?
What primarily determines the water solubility of lipids?
Which fatty acid is characterized by having 16 carbon atoms?
Which fatty acid is characterized by having 16 carbon atoms?
What does hydrogenation primarily produce when reacting with alkenes?
What does hydrogenation primarily produce when reacting with alkenes?
What is the primary characteristic of olestra?
What is the primary characteristic of olestra?
What is the role of hydrogen in the process of hydrogenation?
What is the role of hydrogen in the process of hydrogenation?
Which of the following describes the structure of phosphoglycerides?
Which of the following describes the structure of phosphoglycerides?
What is a common side effect of olestra consumption?
What is a common side effect of olestra consumption?
How does the structure of artificial fats differ from natural fats?
How does the structure of artificial fats differ from natural fats?
Myristyl palmitate is classified as which type of compound?
Myristyl palmitate is classified as which type of compound?
What property does hydrogenation confer to vegetable oils when they are transformed into margarine?
What property does hydrogenation confer to vegetable oils when they are transformed into margarine?
What component is shared by both phospho-glycerides and sphingolipids?
What component is shared by both phospho-glycerides and sphingolipids?
Which of the following alcohols is used in the structure of phosphoglycerides?
Which of the following alcohols is used in the structure of phosphoglycerides?
What is the primary function of dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline?
What is the primary function of dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline?
Sphingomyelin is primarily associated with which type of cells?
Sphingomyelin is primarily associated with which type of cells?
Which of the following statements about phosphoglycerides is true?
Which of the following statements about phosphoglycerides is true?
What role does phosphatidyl serine play in cellular function?
What role does phosphatidyl serine play in cellular function?
Which structural feature differentiates sphingolipids from phosphoglycerides?
Which structural feature differentiates sphingolipids from phosphoglycerides?
What is true about the polar head group of sphingomyelin?
What is true about the polar head group of sphingomyelin?
Which of the following best describes phospholipids?
Which of the following best describes phospholipids?
What is the composition of ceramide?
What is the composition of ceramide?
What is a major characteristic of sphingomyelins compared to phosphatidyl-cholines?
What is a major characteristic of sphingomyelins compared to phosphatidyl-cholines?
What specific role do glycolipids play in cellular function?
What specific role do glycolipids play in cellular function?
What makes up the lipid bilayer of biological membranes?
What makes up the lipid bilayer of biological membranes?
Cerebrosides are formed from which components?
Cerebrosides are formed from which components?
Which of the following statements is true about biological membranes?
Which of the following statements is true about biological membranes?
What is a key distinction of glycolipids compared to other lipids?
What is a key distinction of glycolipids compared to other lipids?
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Study Notes
Overview of Lipids
- Biological compounds soluble in non-polar solvents.
- Classified into simple (alcohol + fatty acids) and complex lipids (alcohol + fatty acids + additional components).
Lipid Classification and Reactions
- Saponification: Reaction of triglycerides with sodium/potassium hydroxide yielding soap and glycerol.
- Fatty acids: linear molecules typically containing 10-20 carbon atoms with even numbers and a carboxyl functional group.
- Types of fatty acids: saturated (no double bonds) and unsaturated (contain C=C bonds).
Water Solubility and Properties
- Lipids are hydrophobic, forming micelles in water, which contributes to their insolubility.
Key Saturated Fatty Acids
- Lauric: 12 carbons, 0 C=C
- Myristic: 14 carbons, 0 C=C
- Palmitic: 16 carbons, 0 C=C
- Stearic: 18 carbons, 0 C=C
- Saturated fats are solid at room temperature due to no double bonds, fully saturated with hydrogen.
Hydrogenation Process
- Involves the reaction of alkenes with hydrogen (H2) in the presence of platinum to increase saturation, often converting plant oils to margarine.
Artificial Fats
- Simpless: Micro-particle proteins, smooth texture, not heat stable, low caloric value.
- Olestra: A non-digestible polymer of sucrose and fatty acids causing adverse effects like nutrient malabsorption and digestive issues.
Waxes and Phosphoglycerides
- Waxes: Combine long-chain fatty acids with long-chain alcohols (e.g., myristyl palmitate).
- Phosphoglycerides: Comprise glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and phosphate group; key components of cell membranes.
Alcohols in Phosphoglycerides
- Common alcohols: Choline, serine, ethanolamine.
- Phosphatidylcholine (Lecithin): Used as an emulsifier, crucial in lung surfactant production.
Sphingolipids
- Composed of sphingosine, fatty acids, and additional structures (e.g., choline).
- Sphingomyelin: Predominantly found in the myelin sheath around neurons, a significant component of cellular membranes.
Glycolipids
- Combinations of lipids and carbohydrates provide energy and cellular recognition markers.
- Cerebroside: A type of glycolipid consisting of sphingosine, fatty acid, and carbohydrate.
Biological Membranes
- Composed of approximately 60% lipids (mainly phosphoglycerides and cholesterol) and 40% proteins, forming a lipid bilayer structure.
Cholesterol and Lipoproteins
- Cholesterol sources include dietary intake and endogenous synthesis in the liver.
- Essential for cell membrane integrity, hormone production, and bile synthesis.
- High levels are linked to heart disease.
- Transported as lipoproteins: HDL, LDL, VLDL, and chylomicrons.
Bile Salts
- Formed from cholesterol, act as emulsifying agents for fat digestion, and play a role in cholesterol excretion.
- Gallstones may form from concentrated cholesterol.
Hormones Derived from Cholesterol
- Adreno-corticoids:
- Glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol) regulate glucose and inflammation.
- Mineralocorticoids (e.g., aldosterone) maintain sodium and chloride levels.
- Sex hormones:
- Testosterone: Involved in male reproductive functions and muscle growth.
- Anabolic steroids: Artificial testosterone with potential negative side effects.
- Estrogens and progesterone: Regulate female reproductive cycles.
Prostaglandins
- Function similarly to hormones, influencing processes such as inflammation, fever regulation, and labor induction.
- Synthesis can be inhibited by medications like aspirin.
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