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Which group of individuals played an important role in the rise of positivism in criminology by gathering and analyzing statistical data on crime and social factors during the nineteenth century?
Which group of individuals played an important role in the rise of positivism in criminology by gathering and analyzing statistical data on crime and social factors during the nineteenth century?
Who was the Belgian astronomer and mathematician who conducted independent analyses of the statistical data on crime gathered by France's Ministry of Justice?
Who was the Belgian astronomer and mathematician who conducted independent analyses of the statistical data on crime gathered by France's Ministry of Justice?
What concept did Adolphe Quetelet develop to describe an imaginary person that embodied statistical averages of various human characteristics?
What concept did Adolphe Quetelet develop to describe an imaginary person that embodied statistical averages of various human characteristics?
According to phrenology, criminal behavior was attributed to the overdevelopment of which region of the skull?
According to phrenology, criminal behavior was attributed to the overdevelopment of which region of the skull?
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Who popularized the idea that criminal behavior was due to physical abnormality rather than free will?
Who popularized the idea that criminal behavior was due to physical abnormality rather than free will?
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According to phrenology, were the defects causing criminal behavior permanent or possible to address through treatment or self-regulation?
According to phrenology, were the defects causing criminal behavior permanent or possible to address through treatment or self-regulation?
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What concept became popularized and used to explain criminality, poverty, and disability during the same era as phrenology?
What concept became popularized and used to explain criminality, poverty, and disability during the same era as phrenology?
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According to Lombroso, criminals were distinct from noncriminals due to what?
According to Lombroso, criminals were distinct from noncriminals due to what?
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What did Lombroso theorize about criminals?
What did Lombroso theorize about criminals?
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What did Lombroso refer to as stigmata?
What did Lombroso refer to as stigmata?
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What did subsequent research refute about Lombroso's theory?
What did subsequent research refute about Lombroso's theory?
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According to the text, who believed that criminality was present in all racial and ethnic groups?
According to the text, who believed that criminality was present in all racial and ethnic groups?
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Which theory asserted that body type was hereditary and corresponded to differences in personality?
Which theory asserted that body type was hereditary and corresponded to differences in personality?
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According to the text, what did Sheldon find about delinquents and body type?
According to the text, what did Sheldon find about delinquents and body type?
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According to the text, what did sociologists introduce to the discipline of criminology?
According to the text, what did sociologists introduce to the discipline of criminology?
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According to the text, who was the first to apply scientific methods to formulate explanations of crime?
According to the text, who was the first to apply scientific methods to formulate explanations of crime?
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According to the text, what was the key factor in the correlation between poverty and crime?
According to the text, what was the key factor in the correlation between poverty and crime?
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According to the text, which of the following did Pinel describe in his 1801 A Treatise on Insanity?
According to the text, which of the following did Pinel describe in his 1801 A Treatise on Insanity?
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