Criminology Theories

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What did Cesare Lombroso propose about criminals?

Criminals have distinctive physical features that resemble apelike ancestors. (correct)
Criminals are more likely to be females than males.
Criminals are born with a specific personality trait.
Criminals have a higher level of intelligence than non-criminals.

According to some studies, what is a characteristic of criminals?

They have a higher level of sugar in their bodies.
They have a lower level of intelligence.
They have higher levels of calcium.
They produce large amounts of thyroxin, thymus and adrenalin hormones. (correct)

What does the Contemporary Trait theory suggest about criminal behaviour?

It is a result of poor upbringing.
It is solely caused by environmental factors.
It is a result of lack of education.
It is inherited or caused by neurological problems or blood chemistry disorders. (correct)

What is a characteristic of the Psychodynamic trait theory?

It posits that every individual has three systems which interact and form our personality. (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the Psychodynamic trait theory, what is a characteristic of criminals?

They have a damaged ego that allows the id to take over. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What can be a way to reform the biological and psychological aspects of criminal behaviour?

Legislation and policy changes. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key determinant of criminal behavior according to sociological theory?

Social status within an institution (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to social structure theory, what are the three conditions that influence crime rates?

Unemployment, school funding, and socioeconomic status (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor that affects eyewitness testimony according to psychological theory?

Age and vision of the witness (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the retrieval test in eyewitness testimony?

To determine the length of time and recall time (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to psychological theory, what is a factor that affects the retention of eyewitness testimony?

The duration of the event (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is an important consideration in the interviewing process according to psychological theory?

The timing of the interview session (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between open-ended questions and closed or specific questions in the context of line of questioning?

Open-ended questions allow for more flexibility in responses, while closed questions limit the response options. (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to Marxist theory, which of the following conditions may lead to crime within the police service?

Unproportional allocation of emoluments and benefits. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actors, according to Rational Choice theory, is driven by uncontrollable urges to commit crimes?

Predestined Actor. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of post-identification feedback in the context of lineups?

To provide feedback to the lineup administrator and other witnesses. (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to Rational Choice theory, which of the following can reduce crime?

Stringent punishment for criminal behavior. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the commissioner and chief superintendent in the police service, according to Marxist theory?

They are the bourgeoisie, owning the means of production and exploiting the proletariat. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of non-verbal communication conveys meaning through facial expressions?

A glance or a stare (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of persuasion efforts?

To change others' attitudes through various messages (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of processing involves the use of simple rules of thumb or mental shortcuts?

Heuristic processing (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the theory that there are two ways in which persuasive communications can cause attitude change?

Elaboration likelihood model (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a barrier to communication due to language?

Jargon (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the central route to persuasion characterized by?

Motivation to pay attention to the arguments (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which sociological theory suggests that crime occurs due to the lack of clear cut punitive measures and the presence of social control mechanisms?

Sociological theory (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that influences an individual's criminal behavior according to the Social Structural theory?

Social status within an institution (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to the Psychological theory, what is the primary source of influence on an individual's behavior?

Past experiences and childhood events (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that individuals learn criminal behavior by imitating their superiors or mentors?

Social Learning Perspective (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are the three systems that interact to form an individual's personality, according to the Psychodynamism trait theory?

Id, ego, and superego (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that individuals commit crimes when they face frustration in achieving their goals?

Conflict theory (D) Signup and view all the answers