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Questions and Answers
What is the role of NADPH in anabolic reactions?
What is the role of NADPH in anabolic reactions?
Where does the carbon-fixation reaction occur?
Where does the carbon-fixation reaction occur?
Which molecule is boosted to a high-energy level and then transferred during the light-dependent reactions?
Which molecule is boosted to a high-energy level and then transferred during the light-dependent reactions?
What type of reactions require energy for building complex substances?
What type of reactions require energy for building complex substances?
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What inputs are necessary for the light-independent reactions to occur?
What inputs are necessary for the light-independent reactions to occur?
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How is the missing electron typically replaced in the photosystems?
How is the missing electron typically replaced in the photosystems?
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What function does the ATP produced during photosynthesis serve?
What function does the ATP produced during photosynthesis serve?
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What is the chemical outcome of the Calvin Cycle?
What is the chemical outcome of the Calvin Cycle?
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Which organelle is primarily responsible for photosynthesis?
Which organelle is primarily responsible for photosynthesis?
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What is the initial interaction between light and plant material mediated by?
What is the initial interaction between light and plant material mediated by?
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In which part of the leaf does photosynthesis primarily occur?
In which part of the leaf does photosynthesis primarily occur?
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What are the by-products of photosynthesis that are released into the air?
What are the by-products of photosynthesis that are released into the air?
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What is the correct chemical equation for photosynthesis?
What is the correct chemical equation for photosynthesis?
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During which phase of photosynthesis is solar energy converted into chemical energy?
During which phase of photosynthesis is solar energy converted into chemical energy?
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What molecule provides the reducing power for anabolic reactions during photosynthesis?
What molecule provides the reducing power for anabolic reactions during photosynthesis?
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What structure allows gases like oxygen to leave the plant?
What structure allows gases like oxygen to leave the plant?
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What type of energy initiates the process of photosynthesis?
What type of energy initiates the process of photosynthesis?
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What is the role of the reaction center in a photosystem?
What is the role of the reaction center in a photosystem?
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What happens to the high-energy electron in Photosystem II after it is boosted?
What happens to the high-energy electron in Photosystem II after it is boosted?
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What is produced as a result of the splitting of water in Photosystem II?
What is produced as a result of the splitting of water in Photosystem II?
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Which pigment is associated with the P680 special pair in Photosystem II?
Which pigment is associated with the P680 special pair in Photosystem II?
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What is the main purpose of photosynthesis in green plants?
What is the main purpose of photosynthesis in green plants?
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What is the function of the light-harvesting center in a photosystem?
What is the function of the light-harvesting center in a photosystem?
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What describes the relationship between ATP production and electron transport in Photosystem II?
What describes the relationship between ATP production and electron transport in Photosystem II?
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Where do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur?
Where do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur?
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Which of the following is NOT produced during photosynthesis?
Which of the following is NOT produced during photosynthesis?
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What is the definition of the term 'anabolic' in relation to metabolic processes?
What is the definition of the term 'anabolic' in relation to metabolic processes?
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What forms of chemical energy are produced during the light-dependent reactions?
What forms of chemical energy are produced during the light-dependent reactions?
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What elements are required for photosynthesis to occur?
What elements are required for photosynthesis to occur?
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What role does chlorophyll play in photosynthesis?
What role does chlorophyll play in photosynthesis?
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Which part of the energy cycle is directly involved in the formation of carbohydrate molecules?
Which part of the energy cycle is directly involved in the formation of carbohydrate molecules?
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Which of the following best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and living organisms on Earth?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and living organisms on Earth?
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What is the primary function of the Calvin Cycle in photosynthesis?
What is the primary function of the Calvin Cycle in photosynthesis?
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How many times does the Calvin Cycle take place to process six carbon atoms from CO2?
How many times does the Calvin Cycle take place to process six carbon atoms from CO2?
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What are the end products generated by the fixation phase of the Calvin Cycle?
What are the end products generated by the fixation phase of the Calvin Cycle?
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Which enzyme plays a crucial role in the Calvin Cycle by catalyzing the reaction of RuBP?
Which enzyme plays a crucial role in the Calvin Cycle by catalyzing the reaction of RuBP?
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What is the role of ATP and NADPH during the reduction phase of the Calvin Cycle?
What is the role of ATP and NADPH during the reduction phase of the Calvin Cycle?
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What is produced and regenerated at the end of the Calvin Cycle to continue the process?
What is produced and regenerated at the end of the Calvin Cycle to continue the process?
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What do all living things use to access energy as per the energy cycle?
What do all living things use to access energy as per the energy cycle?
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In addition to carbohydrates, what other molecules can living organisms synthesize using energy from photosynthesis?
In addition to carbohydrates, what other molecules can living organisms synthesize using energy from photosynthesis?
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Study Notes
Photosynthesis Structures
- Mesophyll: Middle layer of leaf where photosynthesis occurs.
- Stoma: Small openings on the surface of leaves that allow for gas exchange, including the release of oxygen produced during photosynthesis.
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Chloroplast: Organelle responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
- Thylakoids: Membranous structures within chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll.
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Chlorophyll: Pigment responsible for absorbing light energy.
- Pigment: A molecule that absorbs light.
- Granum: Stack of thylakoids.
- Thylakoid Lumen: Internal space enclosed by the thylakoid membrane.
Photosynthesis Process
- Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.
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Light-dependent reactions: Occur in the thylakoid membrane and require light energy.
- Energy from sunlight is used to split water molecules, releasing oxygen as a byproduct.
- Electrons are transferred along an electron transport chain, generating ATP and NADPH.
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Light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle): Occur in the stroma and do not directly require light.
- ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions are used to fix carbon dioxide and synthesize glucose.
- The Calvin Cycle has three main stages:
- Fixation: Carbon dioxide is incorporated into an organic molecule.
- Reduction: ATP and NADPH are used to reduce the organic molecule, forming glucose.
- Regeneration: The starting molecule for the Calvin Cycle is regenerated.
Photosystem II
- Energy is passed from pigment to pigment until it reaches the reaction center.
- Energy is transferred to P680, boosting an electron to a high energy level.
- The high-energy electron is passed to an acceptor molecule and replaced with an electron from water (this splitting of water releases the oxygen we breathe).
- The high-energy electron travels down an electron transport chain, losing energy as it goes, which is used to generate ATP.
Photosystem I
- The electron arrives at photosystem I and joins the P700 special pair of chlorophylls in the reaction center.
- When light energy is absorbed by pigments and passed inward to the reaction center, the electron in P700 is boosted to a very high energy level and transferred to an acceptor molecule.
- The special pair’s missing electron is replaced by a new electron from PSII (arriving via the electron transport chain).
- The high-energy electron travels down a short second leg of the electron transport chain.
- At the end of the chain, the electron is passed to NADP+ to make NADPH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide phosphate).
Calvin Cycle
- The Calvin Cycle, also known as the light-independent reactions, is the second stage of photosynthesis.
- It occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts.
- The Calvin Cycle uses ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.
- The Calvin Cycle has three main stages:
- Fixation: Carbon dioxide is incorporated into an organic molecule, RuBP (ribulose 1,5-biphosphate), by the enzyme Rubisco.
- Reduction: ATP and NADPH are used to reduce the organic molecule, resulting in the formation of G3P (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate).
- Regeneration: The starting molecule, RuBP, is regenerated.
Energy Cycle
- Photosynthesis is the primary source of energy for most living things on Earth.
- Organisms convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.
- When organisms break down food, the chemical energy in glucose is released and used to perform work.
- Thus, photosynthesis drives the energy cycle in ecosystems.
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Description
Explore the fascinating structures involved in photosynthesis, including mesophyll, stomata, chloroplasts, and chlorophyll. Understand the processes of light-dependent reactions and how plants convert light energy into chemical energy. Test your knowledge on the mechanisms that drive this essential life process.
