Photosynthesis Two Stages PDF

PHOTO- SYNTHESIS REVIEW  MAIN STRUCTURES WHAT ARE THE STRUCTURES INVOLVED IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS? MESOPHYLL STOMA CHLOROPLAST Middle layer of leaf MESOPHYLL where the process of photosynthesis occurs...

PHOTO- SYNTHESIS REVIEW  MAIN STRUCTURES WHAT ARE THE STRUCTURES INVOLVED IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS? MESOPHYLL STOMA CHLOROPLAST Middle layer of leaf MESOPHYLL where the process of photosynthesis occurs STOMA  CHLOROPLAST CHLOROPLAST An organelle where photosynthesis takes place (photoautotrophs) THYLAKOIDS Contains/embeds chlorophyll CHLOROPHYLL A pigment that is responsible for the initial interaction between light and plant material Other terms Pigment - molecule that absorbs light Granum - stack of thylakoids Thylakoid lumen - internal space enclosed by thylakoid membrane What are the sequence of events takes place during Photosynthesis? 1. Sunlight is absorbed by the chlorophyll in chloroplast 2. The solar energy is then used to split apart water (H2O) molecules into hydrogen and oxygen 3. Then, during a series of chemical reactions, hydrogen (H) joins with carbon dioxide (CO2) to form sugar called glucose (C6H12O6) 4. In the process of making sugar, two by products are formed, water (H2O) & oxygen (O2). Neither of the two is no longer needed by the plants. 5. These by-products leave the plant when they are released into the air through stomata  CHEMICAL EQUATION FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS Carbon sunlight Water Sugar Oxygen dioxide 6 CO2 6 H 2O C6H12O6 6 O2 TWO PARTS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS Light-dependent reactions Light-independent reactions Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) is an essential electron donor in all organisms LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS and provides the reducing power for anabolic reactions and redox balance. Its main function is to convert solar energy into chemical energy in the form of NADPH and ATP. Occurs with the presence of sunlight This chemical energy fuels the assembly of sugar molecules. Happens in the thylakoid membrane LIGHT ENERGY “Solar energy” Travels in a wave-like manner; Initiates the process of photosynthesis ABSORPTION OF LIGHT A process by which colors can be seen by the retinal pigments and by which the plants appear to have a green pigment  HOW LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS WORK PHOTOSYSTEMS Multiprotein complexes where the first step of photosynthesis takes place; consists of a light- harvesting complex and a reaction center; both photosystems contain many pigments that help collect light energy LIGHT-HARVESTING CENTER REACTION CENTER Passes energy from Where the sunlight to the reaction photochemistry occurs center HOW LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS WORK PHOTOSYSTEMS PSII PSI PHOTOSYSTEM II PHOTOSYSTEM I Photosystem 2 and Photosystem 1 Video about Photosystems Or follow this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_hUxKPSNTl0 LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS PHOTOSYSTEM II PHOTOSYSTEM I  PHOTOSYSTEM II 1. Energy is passed inward from pigment to pigment until it reaches the reaction center 2. Energy is transferred to P680, boosting an electron to a high energy level 3. The high energy electron is passed to an acceptor molecule and replaced with an electron from water (this splitting of water releases the oxygen we breathe) 4. The high-energy electron travels down an electron transport chain, losing energy as it goes because it is being absorbed and being developed into ATP  PHOTOSYSTEM I 1. The electron arrives at photosystem I and joins the P700 special pair Anabolic refers to the metabolic processes that build larger of chlorophylls in the reaction center molecules from smaller ones. This often involves the 2. When light energy is absorbed by pigments and passed inward to the synthesis reaction of complex center, substances, the electron such as P700 is boosted to proteins, a very highnucleic energy leveland acids, and carbohydrates, transferred to an acceptor molecule from simpler units. Anabolic 3. The special processes pair’s missing typically electron require is replaced energy, which isbyusually a new electron from supplied by PSII ATP.(arriving via the to In contrast electron transport catabolic chain) which break processes, 4. The high-energy electron travels down a short second leg of the down molecules for energy, anabolic reactions are essential electron transport chain for growth, repair, and the maintenance of cellular 5. At the end of the chain, the electron is passed to NADP+ to make structures. NADPH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide phosphate). NADPH is essential electron donor and provides the reducing power for anabolic reactions. It helps to fuel the 2nd stage of photosynthesis.  LIGHT-INDEPENDENT REACTIONS Also known as Dark reactions Does not use light as a reactant, but in order to function, it requires the products of the light-dependent reactions (ATP & NADPH) In the carbon-fixation reactions (also called the Calvin Cycle “dark reactions”), the ATP and the NADPH produced by the photosynthetic electron-transfer reactions serve as the source of energy and Happens in the stroma reducing power, respectively, to drive the conversion of CO2 to carbohydrate.  CALVIN CYCLE Discovered by Melvin Calvin The second stage of photosynthesis Done six times to fit all six carbon atoms from CO2 Organized into three stages: FIXATION REDUCTION REGENERATION Where light- ATP and NADPH are The molecule which independent used to reduce 3- reactions are started the Calvin PGA, reduced into initiated cycle, ribulose, 1.5- G3P which Carbon dioxide transforms the ATP biphosphate transforms from an and NADPH into ADP (RuBP), is generated inorganic molecule and NADP+ to continue the to an organic one cycle  CALVIN CYCLE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGhjCv6Q5X8 Rubisco (Ribulose 1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. It is an enzyme RuBP – Ribulose Biphosphate PGA (Phosphoglycerate). Done six times to ADP (Adenosine fit all six carbon Diphosphate). atoms from CO2 NADPH (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide phosphate). G3P, a prime end product of photosynthesis; source of carbohydrates ENERGY CYCLE All living things can access energy through breaking down carbohydrate molecules. Through photosynthesis, certain organisms convert solar energy (sunlight) into chemical energy, which is then used to build carbohydrate molecules. The energy stored in the bonds to hold these molecules together is released when an organism breaks down food. Cells then use this energy to perform work, such as movement. The energy that is harnessed from photosynthesis enters the ecosystems of our planet continuously and is transferred from one organism to another. Therefore, directly and indirectly, the process of photosynthesis provides most of the energy required by living things on Earth. ENERGY CYCLE Chemical Sunlight energy Builds Energy breaks Work and carbohydrate down Photosynthesis molecules ENERGY CYCLE In light-dependent reactions, the energy from sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll and converted into chemical energy in the form of electron carrier molecules like ATP and NADPH. Light energy is harnessed in Photosystems I and II, both of which are present in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform light energy. During photosynthesis in green plants, light energy is captured and used to convert water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds. ANY QUESTIONS? SOURCES INFORMATION Vibal “General Biology 1” book https://www.britannica.com/science/photosynthesis#:~:text=Photosynthesis%2C%20the%20process%20by%20which,and%20energy%2Drich%20organi c%20compounds. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/photosynthesis-in-plants/the-light-dependent-reactions-of-photosynthesis/a/light-and- photosynthetic-pigments#:~:text=The%20types%20of%20radiation%20on,different%20wavelength%20and%20energy%20level. https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cellular-energetics/photosynthesis/a/light-dependent- reactions#:~:text=The%20light%2Ddependent%20reactions%20use,the%20reduced%20electron%20carrier%20NADPH.&text=There%2C%20energy%20is% 20transferred%20to,energy%20level%20(forming%20P680*). https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Book%3A_Microbiology_(Boundless)/5%3A_Microbial_Metabolism/5.01%3A_Types_of_Metabolis m/5.1B%3A_Chemoautotrophs_and_Chemohetrotrophs https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Book%3A_Microbiology_(Boundless)/5%3A_Microbial_Metabolism/5.12%3A_Biosynthesis/5.12C%3 A_The_Calvin_Cycle https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-biology1/chapter/the-calvin- cycle/#:~:text=In%20stage%201%2C%20the%20enzyme,carbon%20atoms%20from%20CO2. https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/envirobiology/chapter/2-4-energy-enters-ecosystems-through-photosynthesis/ https://www.britannica.com/science/photosynthesis https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/overview-of-photosynthesis/ VIDEO CNUBiochemistry (YouTube, 2014): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_hUxKPSNTl0 SOURCES PHOTOS https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/b/plants-sun-eco-icon-vector-simple-element-illustration-ui-concept-infographic-white-background- 147397093.jpg https://www.incluedu.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/2016_atempo_kahootn-1024x768.png https://photosynthesiseducation.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Photosynthesis-Illustration.jpg https://art.pixilart.com/3672c411f90e21c.gif https://mocah.org/uploads/posts/1119522-illustration-green-cartoon-island-floating-flower-screenshot-computer-wallpaper-ecosystem-biome.png https://www.freevector.com/uploads/vector/preview/29553/banana_leaf-03.jpg https://www.microscopemaster.com/images/Leaf_Tissue_Structure.svg.png https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/yQu28iddjyYW8zHlUPjmgUdjRC6V9sI23aeRFsBaOlDO39pylEkpvIvXjFsqEcSg5lxY0-h7WGN- PO6wrSkCfhG36JAe42xAm2NPxFf6kejXLVxODp6_QUPg8hb4zBcr https://cdn1.vectorstock.com/i/1000x1000/94/40/image-of-photosynthesis-vector-8839440.jpg https://www.differencebetween.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Difference-Between-Photosynthesis-and-Cellular-Respiration_.Figure-1.png https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/edu_wavelength_large.png https://justledus.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Reflects-and-absorbs.-Spectrum-of-Colors-and-Sunlight_50012931_l.jpg https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-perseus-images/27c5e928745dbde12550494315ec70253091eee5.png https://www.simply.science/images/content/biology/cell_biology/photosynthesis/conceptmap/Photosynthetic_pigments2.gif https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/4E- CRupEkOun3BMgZhcQlQ55Cp4muj2sBnV8AHpod3qBGzbtGhQTjfhU0GaWF8mTDngN3Q5uOELk8WBYZ7qIexGPB1WiVbnhmU6nFtV8yzJeStPaRYeaPdHbag https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/courses-images/wp-content/uploads/sites/1950/2017/05/31183536/figure-08-01-06.jpeg https://www.edrawsoft.com/templates/images/photosynthesis.png https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/courses-images/wp-content/uploads/sites/1950/2017/05/31183539/figure-08-02-07ab.png https://cdn.kastatic.org/ka-perseus-images/4c9fbc7e4f158fd4bf3e1114e9a7ebe47d08f020.png