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Questions and Answers
Where does photosynthesis take place in eukaryotic cells?
What is the main function of thylakoids in chloroplasts?
What is the role of ATP synthase in the process of photosynthesis?
What is the primary source of electrons for photosystem 2 in light-dependent reactions?
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What is the main function of photosystem 1 in light-dependent reactions?
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Where does the Calvin cycle take place within the chloroplast?
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What is the main energy currency of all cells?
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In which cellular compartment does glycolysis occur?
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What is the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain?
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Where are electrons passed along to provide the energy needed for active transport?
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What happens to the electron transport chain if oxygen is not present?
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Where does the Krebs cycle take place within eukaryotic cells?
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What is the final product of glycolysis?
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Where does the majority of ATP production take place during cellular respiration?
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What serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
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What is the primary function of the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration?
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Which cellular compartment does the electron transport chain take place in?
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What happens to ATP production if oxygen is not present during cellular respiration?
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Study Notes
- Photosynthesis is a process that captures sunlight to produce sugars in both prokaryotes (e.g. cyanobacteria) and eukaryotic autotrophs.
- Chloroplast: A double membrane organelle in eukaryotic cells where photosynthesis takes place. Compartmentalized into thylakoids (grana and stroma).
- Thylakoids: Flattened, membrane-bound organelles in the chloroplast, stacked into structures called grana, and have a fluid region (stroma) outside.
- Light-dependent reactions: Occur in the thylakoid membrane and involve a series of proteins, including photosystems 2 and 1, and water splitting.
- Water splitting results in protons, electrons, and oxygen gas. Electrons enter photosystem 2, pumping protons out, creating a proton gradient and electrochemical gradient.
- ATP synthase: A membrane enzyme that creates ATP by joining inorganic phosphate with ADP (adenosine diphosphate) using the energy from the proton gradient, a process called chemiosmosis.
- Calvin cycle: Occurs in the stroma and converts CO2 into organic carbohydrates using ATP and NADPH (reduced form of NADP+).
- Electrons from photosystem 1 enter NADP, forming NADPH, which powers the reactions of the Calvin cycle, and ATP powers metabolic processes by releasing energy when converting back to ADP.
- Light energy absorbed by chlorophyll in photosystems is used to excite electrons, power the proton pump, and produce ATP through photophosphorylation.
- NADPH and ATP produced in the light-dependent reactions are used in the Calvin cycle.
- Calvin cycle: A complex series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that converts CO2 into organic carbohydrates, powered by NADPH and ATP.
- ATP synthase: A membrane enzyme that synthesizes ATP through chemiosmosis using the energy from the proton gradient.
- ATP: Energy-rich molecule formed from ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate through phosphorylation.
- Light is the initial energy source for both the creation of ATP and NADPH during the light-dependent reactions.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the process and components involved in photosynthesis, including chloroplast, thylakoids, light-dependent reactions, ATP synthase, and the Calvin cycle. Explore the role of sunlight in the creation of ATP and NADPH, and the conversion of CO2 into organic carbohydrates.
