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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of chloroplasts in the light-independent stage of photosynthesis?
What is the primary function of chloroplasts in the light-independent stage of photosynthesis?
- To absorb different wavelengths of light
- To reduce carbon dioxide and produce carbohydrates in the Calvin cycle (correct)
- To absorb energy from light and channel it to a reaction center
- To form fluid-filled sacs known as thylakoid spaces
Where are chloroplasts mainly located in plant cells?
Where are chloroplasts mainly located in plant cells?
- Roots and stems
- Palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll tissues in leaves (correct)
- Flower petals
- Epidermis
What is the composition of the watery stroma inside chloroplasts?
What is the composition of the watery stroma inside chloroplasts?
- Enzymes, ribosomes, DNA, and starch grains (correct)
- Thylakoid spaces and grana
- Chlorophyll a and b
- Carotenoids and pigment molecules
What forms fluid-filled sacs known as thylakoid spaces inside chloroplasts?
What forms fluid-filled sacs known as thylakoid spaces inside chloroplasts?
What is the primary role of carrier molecules in the thylakoid membranes?
What is the primary role of carrier molecules in the thylakoid membranes?
What is the primary function of chlorophyll a in photosynthesis?
What is the primary function of chlorophyll a in photosynthesis?
What do accessory pigments like chlorophyll b and carotenoids primarily do in photosynthesis?
What do accessory pigments like chlorophyll b and carotenoids primarily do in photosynthesis?
What defines the range of wavelengths absorbed by chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids?
What defines the range of wavelengths absorbed by chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids?
What do photosystems comprising pigment molecules and proteins primarily do?
What do photosystems comprising pigment molecules and proteins primarily do?
What is the primary function of photosystems I and II in photosynthesis?
What is the primary function of photosystems I and II in photosynthesis?
What is a practical application of the knowledge about chloroplasts and photosynthesis?
What is a practical application of the knowledge about chloroplasts and photosynthesis?
What is the primary source of hydrogen for the process of reducing carbon dioxide in photosynthesis?
What is the primary source of hydrogen for the process of reducing carbon dioxide in photosynthesis?
What is the main pigment responsible for absorbing light in photosynthesis?
What is the main pigment responsible for absorbing light in photosynthesis?
What is the waste product of photosynthesis?
What is the waste product of photosynthesis?
What is the process called when water molecules are split into hydrogen and oxygen in the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis?
What is the process called when water molecules are split into hydrogen and oxygen in the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis?
What is the energy carrier molecule that eventually picks up hydrogen to make reduced NADP in photosynthesis?
What is the energy carrier molecule that eventually picks up hydrogen to make reduced NADP in photosynthesis?
What is the primary function of the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis?
What is the primary function of the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis?
What is the energy currency used to make ATP in the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis?
What is the energy currency used to make ATP in the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis?
What is the primary source of energy that drives the reactions in photosynthesis?
What is the primary source of energy that drives the reactions in photosynthesis?
What are the two main products of the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis?
What are the two main products of the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis?
What is the process called when the energy in hydrogen is used to make ATP in the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis?
What is the process called when the energy in hydrogen is used to make ATP in the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis?
What is the coenzyme that eventually picks up hydrogen to make reduced NADP in photosynthesis?
What is the coenzyme that eventually picks up hydrogen to make reduced NADP in photosynthesis?
What is the primary function of reduced NADP in photosynthesis?
What is the primary function of reduced NADP in photosynthesis?
What is the main purpose of photosynthesis?
What is the main purpose of photosynthesis?
What is the source of hydrogen for the process of photosynthesis?
What is the source of hydrogen for the process of photosynthesis?
What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
What are the two main products of the photosynthesis reaction?
What are the two main products of the photosynthesis reaction?
What happens to the oxygen produced in photosynthesis?
What happens to the oxygen produced in photosynthesis?
What is photolysis in the context of photosynthesis?
What is photolysis in the context of photosynthesis?
What is the main role of photophosphorylation in photosynthesis?
What is the main role of photophosphorylation in photosynthesis?
What is the coenzyme that picks up hydrogen to make reduced NADP in photosynthesis?
What is the coenzyme that picks up hydrogen to make reduced NADP in photosynthesis?
What are the two main stages into which the photosynthesis process can be divided?
What are the two main stages into which the photosynthesis process can be divided?
What is the role of pigments including chlorophyll in the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis?
What is the role of pigments including chlorophyll in the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis?
What is the ultimate fate of the hydrogen produced in the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis?
What is the ultimate fate of the hydrogen produced in the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis?
What is the energy source that drives the reactions in photosynthesis?
What is the energy source that drives the reactions in photosynthesis?
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Study Notes
Chloroplast Structure and Function
- In the light-independent stage, ATP and reduced NADP are used to reduce carbon dioxide and produce carbohydrates in the Calvin cycle.
- Chloroplasts, found in some plant cells, facilitate both light-dependent and light-independent stages of photosynthesis.
- Each cell may contain multiple chloroplasts, mainly located in palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll tissues in leaves.
- Chloroplasts are enveloped by two membranes and contain a watery stroma with enzymes, ribosomes, DNA, and starch grains.
- Inside chloroplasts, membranes called lamellae form fluid-filled sacs known as thylakoid spaces, which can be stacked into grana.
- Carrier molecules in the thylakoid membranes form an electron transport chain, and various pigments, including chlorophyll a and b, are embedded within.
- Chlorophyll a absorbs violet, blue, and red light, reflecting green, while accessory pigments like chlorophyll b and carotenoids absorb other wavelengths.
- Chloroplast pigments absorb different wavelengths of light, driving photosynthesis and giving leaves their color, with carotenoids revealed as fall colors.
- The absorption spectrum of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids defines the range of wavelengths absorbed by these pigments.
- Photosystems, comprising pigment molecules and proteins, absorb energy from light and channel it to a reaction center, with two types, I and II.
- Photosystems I and II absorb light of wavelengths 700 nm and 680 nm, respectively, and chlorophyll a molecules drive the light-dependent stage with high-energy electrons.
- A practical application of this knowledge is measuring transpiration rate using a potometer.
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