35 Questions
What is the primary function of chloroplasts in the light-independent stage of photosynthesis?
To reduce carbon dioxide and produce carbohydrates in the Calvin cycle
Where are chloroplasts mainly located in plant cells?
Palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll tissues in leaves
What is the composition of the watery stroma inside chloroplasts?
Enzymes, ribosomes, DNA, and starch grains
What forms fluid-filled sacs known as thylakoid spaces inside chloroplasts?
Membranes called lamellae
What is the primary role of carrier molecules in the thylakoid membranes?
Form an electron transport chain
What is the primary function of chlorophyll a in photosynthesis?
Drive the light-dependent stage with high-energy electrons
What do accessory pigments like chlorophyll b and carotenoids primarily do in photosynthesis?
Absorb other wavelengths of light
What defines the range of wavelengths absorbed by chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids?
The absorption spectrum
What do photosystems comprising pigment molecules and proteins primarily do?
Absorb energy from light and channel it to a reaction center
What is the primary function of photosystems I and II in photosynthesis?
Drive the light-dependent stage with high-energy electrons
What is a practical application of the knowledge about chloroplasts and photosynthesis?
Measuring transpiration rate using a potometer
What is the primary source of hydrogen for the process of reducing carbon dioxide in photosynthesis?
Water
What is the main pigment responsible for absorbing light in photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll
What is the waste product of photosynthesis?
Oxygen
What is the process called when water molecules are split into hydrogen and oxygen in the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis?
Photolysis
What is the energy carrier molecule that eventually picks up hydrogen to make reduced NADP in photosynthesis?
NADP
What is the primary function of the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis?
To absorb energy from light
What is the energy currency used to make ATP in the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis?
Hydrogen
What is the primary source of energy that drives the reactions in photosynthesis?
Light
What are the two main products of the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis?
ATP and NADPH
What is the process called when the energy in hydrogen is used to make ATP in the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis?
Photophosphorylation
What is the coenzyme that eventually picks up hydrogen to make reduced NADP in photosynthesis?
NADP
What is the primary function of reduced NADP in photosynthesis?
To carry high-energy electrons
What is the main purpose of photosynthesis?
To produce carbohydrate by reducing carbon dioxide and adding hydrogen from water
What is the source of hydrogen for the process of photosynthesis?
Water
What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
To absorb light energy
What are the two main products of the photosynthesis reaction?
Carbohydrate and oxygen
What happens to the oxygen produced in photosynthesis?
It may be lost from the cells or used in respiration
What is photolysis in the context of photosynthesis?
Splitting of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen using light energy
What is the main role of photophosphorylation in photosynthesis?
To make ATP from the energy in hydrogen
What is the coenzyme that picks up hydrogen to make reduced NADP in photosynthesis?
NADP
What are the two main stages into which the photosynthesis process can be divided?
Light-dependent stage and light-independent stage
What is the role of pigments including chlorophyll in the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis?
To absorb energy from light
What is the ultimate fate of the hydrogen produced in the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis?
Picked up by NADP to make reduced NADP
What is the energy source that drives the reactions in photosynthesis?
Light
Study Notes
Chloroplast Structure and Function
- In the light-independent stage, ATP and reduced NADP are used to reduce carbon dioxide and produce carbohydrates in the Calvin cycle.
- Chloroplasts, found in some plant cells, facilitate both light-dependent and light-independent stages of photosynthesis.
- Each cell may contain multiple chloroplasts, mainly located in palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll tissues in leaves.
- Chloroplasts are enveloped by two membranes and contain a watery stroma with enzymes, ribosomes, DNA, and starch grains.
- Inside chloroplasts, membranes called lamellae form fluid-filled sacs known as thylakoid spaces, which can be stacked into grana.
- Carrier molecules in the thylakoid membranes form an electron transport chain, and various pigments, including chlorophyll a and b, are embedded within.
- Chlorophyll a absorbs violet, blue, and red light, reflecting green, while accessory pigments like chlorophyll b and carotenoids absorb other wavelengths.
- Chloroplast pigments absorb different wavelengths of light, driving photosynthesis and giving leaves their color, with carotenoids revealed as fall colors.
- The absorption spectrum of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids defines the range of wavelengths absorbed by these pigments.
- Photosystems, comprising pigment molecules and proteins, absorb energy from light and channel it to a reaction center, with two types, I and II.
- Photosystems I and II absorb light of wavelengths 700 nm and 680 nm, respectively, and chlorophyll a molecules drive the light-dependent stage with high-energy electrons.
- A practical application of this knowledge is measuring transpiration rate using a potometer.
Test your knowledge of chloroplast structure and function with this quiz. Explore the inner workings of chloroplasts, the stages of photosynthesis, pigments involved, and their absorption of light. Also, learn about practical applications of this knowledge in plant physiology.
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