22 Questions
What is the primary function of thylakoids in chloroplasts?
To convert light energy into ATP and NADPH
What is the role of the excited reaction centre in photosynthesis?
To expel an electron, which passes down the electron transport chain
What is the primary function of Rubisco in the Calvin-Benson cycle?
To catalyze the first major step of carbon fixation
What is the primary function of Phase 1 of the Calvin-Benson cycle?
To fix CO2 into a three-carbon molecule
What is the primary function of cell signalling?
To receive a signal, process it, and trigger a response
What type of cell signalling involves short-distance communication?
Paracrine signalling
What is the primary function of kinases in signal transduction?
To add phosphate groups to proteins
What is the role of cAMP in the signal transduction pathway involving adenylyl cyclase?
To activate protein kinase A (PKA) and stimulate glycogenesis
What is the effect of phosphorylation on protein activity?
It adds a negative charge to the protein and disrupts electrostatic interactions
What is the purpose of signal amplification in signal transduction pathways?
To amplify the signal in response to a stimulus
What is the role of phosphatases in signal transduction pathways?
To remove phosphate groups from proteins
What is the advantage of using second messengers in signal transduction pathways?
They are rapidly diffusible and can transfer the signal quickly
What is a characteristic of signalling molecules?
They can range from ions to proteins
How do most small molecules or ions cross the cell membrane?
With the assistance of specific protein carriers
What type of receptors interact with lipophilic ligands?
Intracellular receptors
What is the result of a conformational change in a receptor?
Reversible activation of the receptor
What is the function of an antagonist?
To bind to a receptor and block the action of an agonist
What is a characteristic of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)?
They have seven transmembrane domains
What is the function of a G-protein in signal transduction?
To exchange GDP for GTP and activate downstream proteins
What is the result of the activation of a G-protein coupled receptor?
The G-protein dissociates into its components
What is the function of adenylyl cyclase in signal transduction?
To convert ATP to cAMP
What is the sequence of events in a signal transduction pathway?
Receptor activation, G-protein activation, protein kinase activation
Understand the light-dependent reactions that produce ATP and NADPH, and the Calvin cycle that converts CO2 into glucose. Learn about the role of chloroplasts, thylakoids, and photosystems in photosynthesis.
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