Cell Biology: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

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Questions and Answers

What does the prefix 'Homo-' mean?

Same (correct)

After

Before

Different

What characteristic do all living organisms share?

Respond to environment

Use DNA

All of the above (correct)

Made up of atoms

What is a characteristic that distinguishes prokaryotes from eukaryotes?

Cell wall

Mitochondria

Nucleus (correct)

Chloroplasts

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Sorts, modifies, and packages proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique feature of water that supports life?

High specific heat Signup and view all the answers

Why is carbon an important organic atom?

It can form long chains and rings Signup and view all the answers

Where does photosynthesis occur?

Chloroplasts Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy molecule used for the majority of cell activities?

ATP Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of the cell membrane?

Phospholipid bilayer Signup and view all the answers

What type of transport requires energy?

Active transport Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of homeostasis?

To regulate metabolic processes Signup and view all the answers

What is the movement of water across a membrane?

Osmosis Signup and view all the answers

What type of inheritance is observed when both alleles are fully expressed?

Co-dominance inheritance Signup and view all the answers

What is the resulting phenotype when a red snapdragon (R) is crossed with a white snapdragon (W)?

Pink Signup and view all the answers

What type of genes are located on the X chromosome with no allele on the Y chromosome?

Sex-linked genes Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of multiple alleles in a population?

More genotypes and phenotypes Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of genes in DNA molecules?

To code for the production of proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the genetic information passed from a parent to its offspring?

Genetic code Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when DNA is copied into messenger RNA?

Transcription Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between DNA and RNA?

DNA has a double helix structure Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of transfer RNA (tRNA)?

To match codons with amino acids Signup and view all the answers

Where does translation occur in a cell?

On the ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

What determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein?

The sequence of nucleotides in a gene Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a start codon?

To start translation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the first consumer in a food chain or web?

Primary Consumer Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of energy lost between each trophic level in an ecosystem?

90% Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the close relationship between two or more species, where one organism benefits and the other is harmed?

Parasitism Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the exchange of matter through the biosphere?

Biogeochemical cycle Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a model that shows the relative amounts of energy, biomass, or numbers of organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem?

Energy pyramid Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an organism that eats both plants and animals?

Omnivore Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Prefix "Homo-" Meaning

"Homo-" is a prefix meaning "same," "similar," or "alike."

Characteristic Shared by All Living Organisms

All living organisms are made up of cells.

Distinguishing Characteristic of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes lack a nucleus, while eukaryotes have a nucleus.

Function of the Golgi Apparatus

The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Unique Feature of Water Supporting Life

Water has a high heat capacity, meaning it can absorb and store a large amount of heat without a significant temperature change. This property helps regulate the temperature of organisms and the environment.

Importance of Carbon in Organic Molecules

Carbon has four valence electrons, allowing it to form four covalent bonds with other atoms. This versatility allows carbon to form long chains, rings, and complex structures, essential for the diversity of organic molecules.

Location of Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, specifically in the thylakoid membranes.

Energy Molecule for Cellular Activities

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the primary energy molecule used for most cellular activities.

Structure of the Cell Membrane

The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer, with a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. This arrangement creates a selectively permeable membrane that regulates what moves in and out of the cell.

Transport Requiring Energy

Active transport is the movement of molecules across a membrane against their concentration gradient, which requires energy, usually in the form of ATP.

Purpose of Homeostasis

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment, essential for cells and organisms to function properly and survive.

Movement of Water Across a Membrane

Osmosis is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration.

Inheritance with Full Expression of Both Alleles

Codominance is the inheritance pattern where both alleles are fully expressed in the heterozygote, resulting in a phenotype that displays characteristics of both alleles.

Phenotype of Red and White Snapdragon Cross

When a homozygous red snapdragon (RR) is crossed with a homozygous white snapdragon (WW), the offspring will be heterozygous (RW) and exhibit a pink phenotype due to incomplete dominance.

Genes Located on the X Chromosome with No Y Allele

X-linked genes are genes located on the X chromosome, with no corresponding allele on the Y chromosome. These genes are expressed in males, even if they are recessive, as they only have one copy of the X chromosome.

Result of Multiple Alleles in a Population

Multiple alleles refer to the presence of more than two alleles for a single trait within a population. This increases the genetic diversity and potential phenotypes observed in that population.

Role of Genes in DNA Molecules

Genes are segments of DNA that contain the instructions for building and maintaining an organism. Each gene codes for a specific protein or RNA molecule, contributing to the organism's traits.

Genetic Information Passed from Parent to Offspring

Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring through the transmission of genetic material, primarily DNA.

Process of Copying DNA into Messenger RNA

Transcription is the process where a segment of DNA is copied into a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, which carries the genetic code from the nucleus to the ribosomes for protein synthesis.

Difference Between DNA and RNA

DNA is double-stranded and contains deoxyribose sugar, while RNA is single-stranded and contains ribose sugar. DNA primarily serves as a genetic blueprint, while RNA plays various roles in protein synthesis.

Function of Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Transfer RNA (tRNA) carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome, where it binds to the mRNA molecule according to the genetic code, assisting in protein synthesis.

Location of Translation in a Cell

Translation occurs in the ribosomes, where the mRNA sequence is read and translated into a sequence of amino acids, forming a protein.

Determinant of Amino Acid Sequence in a Protein

The sequence of codons (three-nucleotide sequences) in the mRNA molecule determines the sequence of amino acids in the protein. Each codon corresponds to a specific amino acid, directing the assembly of the protein.

Function of a Start Codon

The start codon, typically AUG, signals the beginning of a protein-coding sequence in mRNA and dictates the location of the first amino acid in the protein chain.

Term for the First Consumer in a Food Chain

A primary consumer is an organism that eats plants, also called an herbivore.

Percentage of Energy Lost Between Trophic Levels

Approximately 10% of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next, with the remaining 90% lost as heat or used for metabolic processes.

Term for a Close Relationship Where One Benefits and the Other is Harmed

Parasitism is a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits at the expense of the other, often causing harm to the host.

Term for the Exchange of Matter Through the Biosphere

Biogeochemical cycling refers to the movement and transformation of matter, including elements like carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, through various components of the Earth's system.

Term for a Model of Energy, Biomass, or Numbers in Trophic Levels

An ecological pyramid is a model that shows the relative amounts of energy, biomass, or numbers of organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem, with the base representing producers and higher levels representing consumers.

Term for an Organism Eating Both Plants and Animals

An omnivore consumes both plant and animal matter.

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Description

This quiz covers the basics of photosynthesis and cellular respiration, including the reactants, products, and locations of these processes within a cell. It also touches on the function of the cell membrane.