Photosynthesis and the Calvin Cycle Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the role of RuBP in the Calvin Cycle?

  • RuBP combines with carbon dioxide to form a six-carbon molecule, which is then split into two 3-carbon molecules.
  • RuBP helps transport electrons from Photosystem II to Photosystem I.
  • RuBP is used to generate ATP and NADPH for the Calvin Cycle.
  • RuBP is a five-carbon sugar that captures carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. (correct)

What is the main product of the Calvin Cycle that is used to produce glucose and other organic compounds?

  • ATP
  • RuBP
  • NADPH
  • G3P (correct)

What is the role of ATP and NADPH in the Calvin Cycle?

  • They are used to regenerate RuBP.
  • They provide the energy and reducing power necessary to convert carbon dioxide into sugar. (correct)
  • They are used to split water and produce oxygen.
  • They transport electrons from Photosystem II to Photosystem I.

What happens to the carbon dioxide molecules that enter the Calvin Cycle?

<p>They are incorporated into RuBP to form a six-carbon molecule, which is then split into two three-carbon molecules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many molecules of G3P are produced for every six molecules of CO2 that enter the Calvin Cycle?

<p>2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the enzyme Rubisco in the Calvin Cycle?

<p>Rubisco catalyzes the reaction between carbon dioxide and RuBP. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a product of the Calvin Cycle?

<p>Oxygen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the net gain of G3P molecules per turn of the Calvin Cycle?

<p>1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

<p>It absorbs solar energy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the chloroplast does the Calvin cycle occur?

<p>Stroma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is produced as a result of the light reactions in photosynthesis?

<p>NADPH and ATP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about photosynthesis is correct?

<p>Water is oxidized and carbon dioxide is reduced. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which components link the light reactions to the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis?

<p>ATP and NADPH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of energy is sunlight classified as?

<p>Electromagnetic energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the chloroplast do the light reactions take place?

<p>Thylakoids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of NADP+ in the light reactions?

<p>It acts as a primary electron acceptor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is formed when NADP+ is reduced during photosynthesis?

<p>NADPH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following wavelengths of light are absorbed by chlorophyll?

<p>400-500 nm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process connects the two photosystems in the light reactions?

<p>Electron transport chain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of complex are the photosystems made of?

<p>Light-harvesting complexes and a reaction-center complex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does water play in Photosystem II?

<p>It donates electrons after being split. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process directly produces ATP during the light reactions?

<p>Electron transport chain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is constructed during the Calvin cycle?

<p>Glucose and other organic molecules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which compound is regenerated at the end of the Calvin cycle?

<p>RuBP (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In photophosphorylation, what drives the synthesis of ATP?

<p>The concentration gradient of H+ ions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the light reactions of photosynthesis occur?

<p>In chloroplast membranes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of NADPH in photosynthesis?

<p>To donate electrons for sugar synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step is NOT part of the Calvin cycle?

<p>Formation of O2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Autotrophs

Organisms that can produce their own food through photosynthesis.

Heterotrophs

Organisms that obtain energy by consuming other organisms or organic matter.

Photosynthesis

The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods with the help of chlorophyll.

Chlorophyll

The light-absorbing pigment in chloroplasts that converts solar energy to chemical energy.

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Carbon Fixation

The process of incorporating carbon dioxide into organic compounds. It is the first step in the Calvin cycle.

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What is Photosynthesis?

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose, using water and carbon dioxide as raw materials.

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What are light-dependent reactions?

The light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, where light energy is captured by pigments and converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.

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What is the Calvin cycle?

The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts and uses the energy from ATP and NADPH to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.

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What is chlorophyll?

Chlorophyll is a pigment that absorbs light energy, primarily in the red and blue wavelengths, reflecting green light, which is why plants appear green.

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What are photosystems?

Photosystems are complexes within the thylakoid membrane that capture light energy and transfer it to electrons.

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What is the electron transport chain?

The electron transport chain is a series of molecules that pass energized electrons from photosystem II to photosystem I, generating ATP and NADPH.

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What is ATP?

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a molecule that stores energy by holding high-energy phosphate bonds. It's the primary energy currency of cells.

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What is NADPH?

NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) is a molecule that carries electrons and is a reducing agent, meaning it donates electrons to other molecules.

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What does Photosystem II do?

Photosystem II splits water molecules, releasing oxygen and providing electrons to the electron transport chain.

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What happens to the electrons released by Photosystem II?

The electrons flow through the electron transport chain, which is like a ramp, helping to move protons across the thylakoid membrane.

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How is the proton gradient created in the thylakoid?

The electron transport chain pumps protons into the thylakoid space, creating a concentration gradient.

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How is ATP produced in photophosphorylation?

Protons flow back across the membrane through ATP synthase, driving ATP synthesis.

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What is the role of Photosystem I?

Photosystem I absorbs light energy and uses it to energize electrons, which are then used to reduce NADP+ into NADPH.

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What is the role of the Calvin cycle?

The Calvin cycle uses carbon dioxide, ATP, and NADPH to produce G3P, which is then used to build sugars and other organic molecules.

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What are the steps of the Calvin cycle?

The Calvin cycle has three main stages: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of RuBP.

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Where does the Calvin cycle occur?

The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts.

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What is carbon fixation?

The process by which carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is incorporated into an organic molecule, specifically RuBP, during the Calvin cycle.

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What is Rubisco?

The enzyme responsible for catalyzing carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle. It binds CO2 to RuBP, starting the cycle.

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What is RuBP?

The molecule that accepts CO2 in the Calvin cycle. It's a 5-carbon sugar that gets converted into a 6-carbon molecule.

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What is reduction in the Calvin cycle?

The process in the Calvin cycle where energy from ATP and electrons from NADPH are used to convert 3-PGA (a 3-carbon molecule) into G3P (a 3-carbon sugar).

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What is regeneration of RuBP?

The process of regenerating the starting molecule, RuBP, in the Calvin cycle. This requires energy from ATP.

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Why does the Calvin cycle only release one G3P molecule per three CO2 molecules?

The Calvin cycle produces only one molecule of G3P (a 3-carbon sugar) for every three CO2 molecules fixed. This is because some G3P is used to regenerate RuBP.

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What is the main product of the Calvin cycle?

The organic compound ultimately produced during the Calvin cycle. It's a six-carbon sugar that serves as the primary energy source for plants and other organisms.

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What does the photosynthesis equation represent?

The overall equation for photosynthesis summarizes the inputs and outputs of the entire process. It shows how light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of glucose.

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Study Notes

Photosynthesis Overview

  • Autotrophs produce their own food through photosynthesis.
  • Heterotrophs consume plants or animals or decompose organic matter.
  • Photosynthesis uses solar energy to transform carbon dioxide and water into sugar and other organic molecules.

Photosynthesis Equation

  • 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
  • Carbon dioxide + water + light energy → glucose + oxygen

Photosynthesis Location

  • Occurs in chloroplasts within plant cells.
  • Chloroplasts have a double membrane, thylakoids (stacked structures), and stroma (fluid-filled space).
  • Chlorophyll, a light-absorbing pigment in chloroplasts, converts solar energy to chemical energy.

Leaf Structure and Photosynthesis

  • Mesophyll cells in leaves contain chloroplasts.
  • Carbon dioxide enters and oxygen exits through stomata (pores).
  • Chloroplast structure includes inner and outer membranes, grana (stacks of thylakoids), and stroma.

Tracing Photosynthesis with Isotopes

  • Scientists used isotopes to trace the process.

Redox Reaction in Photosynthesis

  • Photosynthesis is a redox process (oxidation-reduction).
  • Water (H₂O) is oxidized, and carbon dioxide (CO₂) is reduced.

Photosynthesis Stages

  • Occurs in two linked stages that use ATP and NADPH:
    • Light reactions happen in thylakoid membranes and produce ATP and NADPH.
    • Calvin cycle, in the stroma, uses ATP and NADPH to incorporate carbon dioxide into organic compounds (carbon fixation).

Light Reactions (Details)

  • Light energizes electrons in chlorophyll.
  • Electrons travel through the electron transport chain to produce ATP and NADPH.
  • Water is split (oxidized) to replace lost electrons and O₂ is released.
  • Photophosphorylation involves pumping H⁺ ions into the thylakoid space.
  • The H⁺ gradient powers ATP synthesis via ATP synthase.

Calvin Cycle (Details)

  • CO₂ is incorporated into RuBP (ribulose bisphosphate) via the enzyme Rubisco.
  • G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) is generated and the cycle regenerates RuBP.
  • Using ATP, NADPH, and CO₂, the cycle creates G3P, forming sugars like glucose.

Visible Light and Pigments

  • Sunlight is electromagnetic energy.
  • Chlorophyll and other pigments absorb specific wavelengths of visible light.
  • Chlorophyll reflects green light.

Photosystems

  • Embedded in thylakoid membranes.
  • Composed of light-harvesting complexes and a reaction center.
  • Capture solar energy and transfer it to the reaction center.
  • A primary electron acceptor captures electrons from the reaction-center chlorophyll.

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Related Documents

Photosynthesis: Chapter 7 (PDF)

Description

Test your knowledge about the Calvin Cycle and its components, including RuBP, G3P production, and the roles of ATP and NADPH. This quiz covers key concepts in photosynthesis and the function of chlorophyll within the chloroplast. Perfect for students studying biology or plant sciences.

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