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Questions and Answers
What is the role of RuBP in the Calvin Cycle?
What is the role of RuBP in the Calvin Cycle?
What is the main product of the Calvin Cycle that is used to produce glucose and other organic compounds?
What is the main product of the Calvin Cycle that is used to produce glucose and other organic compounds?
What is the role of ATP and NADPH in the Calvin Cycle?
What is the role of ATP and NADPH in the Calvin Cycle?
What happens to the carbon dioxide molecules that enter the Calvin Cycle?
What happens to the carbon dioxide molecules that enter the Calvin Cycle?
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How many molecules of G3P are produced for every six molecules of CO2 that enter the Calvin Cycle?
How many molecules of G3P are produced for every six molecules of CO2 that enter the Calvin Cycle?
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What is the role of the enzyme Rubisco in the Calvin Cycle?
What is the role of the enzyme Rubisco in the Calvin Cycle?
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Which of the following is NOT a product of the Calvin Cycle?
Which of the following is NOT a product of the Calvin Cycle?
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What is the net gain of G3P molecules per turn of the Calvin Cycle?
What is the net gain of G3P molecules per turn of the Calvin Cycle?
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What is the primary function of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
What is the primary function of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
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In which part of the chloroplast does the Calvin cycle occur?
In which part of the chloroplast does the Calvin cycle occur?
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What is produced as a result of the light reactions in photosynthesis?
What is produced as a result of the light reactions in photosynthesis?
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Which of the following statements about photosynthesis is correct?
Which of the following statements about photosynthesis is correct?
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Which components link the light reactions to the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis?
Which components link the light reactions to the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis?
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What type of energy is sunlight classified as?
What type of energy is sunlight classified as?
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In which part of the chloroplast do the light reactions take place?
In which part of the chloroplast do the light reactions take place?
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What is the role of NADP+ in the light reactions?
What is the role of NADP+ in the light reactions?
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What is formed when NADP+ is reduced during photosynthesis?
What is formed when NADP+ is reduced during photosynthesis?
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Which of the following wavelengths of light are absorbed by chlorophyll?
Which of the following wavelengths of light are absorbed by chlorophyll?
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Which process connects the two photosystems in the light reactions?
Which process connects the two photosystems in the light reactions?
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What type of complex are the photosystems made of?
What type of complex are the photosystems made of?
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What role does water play in Photosystem II?
What role does water play in Photosystem II?
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Which process directly produces ATP during the light reactions?
Which process directly produces ATP during the light reactions?
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What is constructed during the Calvin cycle?
What is constructed during the Calvin cycle?
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Which compound is regenerated at the end of the Calvin cycle?
Which compound is regenerated at the end of the Calvin cycle?
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In photophosphorylation, what drives the synthesis of ATP?
In photophosphorylation, what drives the synthesis of ATP?
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Where do the light reactions of photosynthesis occur?
Where do the light reactions of photosynthesis occur?
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What is the primary function of NADPH in photosynthesis?
What is the primary function of NADPH in photosynthesis?
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Which step is NOT part of the Calvin cycle?
Which step is NOT part of the Calvin cycle?
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Study Notes
Photosynthesis Overview
- Autotrophs produce their own food through photosynthesis.
- Heterotrophs consume plants or animals or decompose organic matter.
- Photosynthesis uses solar energy to transform carbon dioxide and water into sugar and other organic molecules.
Photosynthesis Equation
- 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
- Carbon dioxide + water + light energy → glucose + oxygen
Photosynthesis Location
- Occurs in chloroplasts within plant cells.
- Chloroplasts have a double membrane, thylakoids (stacked structures), and stroma (fluid-filled space).
- Chlorophyll, a light-absorbing pigment in chloroplasts, converts solar energy to chemical energy.
Leaf Structure and Photosynthesis
- Mesophyll cells in leaves contain chloroplasts.
- Carbon dioxide enters and oxygen exits through stomata (pores).
- Chloroplast structure includes inner and outer membranes, grana (stacks of thylakoids), and stroma.
Tracing Photosynthesis with Isotopes
- Scientists used isotopes to trace the process.
Redox Reaction in Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis is a redox process (oxidation-reduction).
- Water (H₂O) is oxidized, and carbon dioxide (CO₂) is reduced.
Photosynthesis Stages
- Occurs in two linked stages that use ATP and NADPH:
- Light reactions happen in thylakoid membranes and produce ATP and NADPH.
- Calvin cycle, in the stroma, uses ATP and NADPH to incorporate carbon dioxide into organic compounds (carbon fixation).
Light Reactions (Details)
- Light energizes electrons in chlorophyll.
- Electrons travel through the electron transport chain to produce ATP and NADPH.
- Water is split (oxidized) to replace lost electrons and O₂ is released.
- Photophosphorylation involves pumping H⁺ ions into the thylakoid space.
- The H⁺ gradient powers ATP synthesis via ATP synthase.
Calvin Cycle (Details)
- CO₂ is incorporated into RuBP (ribulose bisphosphate) via the enzyme Rubisco.
- G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) is generated and the cycle regenerates RuBP.
- Using ATP, NADPH, and CO₂, the cycle creates G3P, forming sugars like glucose.
Visible Light and Pigments
- Sunlight is electromagnetic energy.
- Chlorophyll and other pigments absorb specific wavelengths of visible light.
- Chlorophyll reflects green light.
Photosystems
- Embedded in thylakoid membranes.
- Composed of light-harvesting complexes and a reaction center.
- Capture solar energy and transfer it to the reaction center.
- A primary electron acceptor captures electrons from the reaction-center chlorophyll.
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Description
Test your knowledge about the Calvin Cycle and its components, including RuBP, G3P production, and the roles of ATP and NADPH. This quiz covers key concepts in photosynthesis and the function of chlorophyll within the chloroplast. Perfect for students studying biology or plant sciences.
