Photosynthesis and the Calvin Cycle Quiz

Bacteria that use the oxidation of inorganic compounds like hydrogen sulfide (H2S) to obtain energy for chemosynthesis.

The process by which sulfur bacteria oxidize hydrogen sulfide (H2S) to derive energy.

Bacteria that obtain energy by oxidizing ammonia (NH3) to nitrite (NO2-) and then to nitrate (NO3-)

The process by which nitrifying bacteria oxidize ammonia (NH3) to nitrite (NO2-)

Bacteria that obtain energy by the oxidation of iron (II) to iron (III)

The process by which iron bacteria oxidize iron (II) to iron (III) to obtain energy for chemosynthesis.

The layer of elongated, tightly packed cells in a leaf, located beneath the upper epidermis.

The complex internal structure within plant cells responsible for photosynthesis.

A molecule essential for photosynthesis, composed of a hydrophilic 'head' and a hydrophobic 'tail'.

The primary pigment used in photosynthesis, responsible for absorbing light energy.

Pigments that assist chlorophyll a in absorbing light energy, expanding the range of wavelengths used.

A type of accessory pigment that plays a role in photosynthesis, absorbing light energy.

A type of accessory pigment that absorbs light energy, contributing to photosynthesis.

A type of accessory pigment that absorbs light energy, contributing to photosynthesis, also providing protective benefits.

Clusters of pigment molecules in the thylakoid membrane, arranged in a unique way to capture light energy.

The central part of a photosystem where light energy is converted into chemical energy.

The conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) using ATP and NADPH. This process requires NADPH to donate electrons, essentially reducing the 3PG molecule.

The process of regenerating RuBP (ribulose bisphosphate) from G3P molecules. This step utilizes ATP and involves a complex series of reactions to ensure the cycle continues.

The molecules of G3P leaving the Calvin Cycle are transported out of the chloroplast by a specific protein. This protein exchanges G3P for phosphate ions, which are essential for ATP production.

The inputs of the Calvin Cycle are carbon dioxide (CO2), ATP, and NADPH. These substances are used to create the output.

The outputs of the Calvin Cycle are glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) and ADP. G3P is used for glucose synthesis, while ADP is recycled back to the light-dependent reactions.

The Calvin Cycle occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast. It is the light-independent stage of photosynthesis.

The light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast. They use light energy to produce ATP and NADPH.

The light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) occur in the stroma of the chloroplast. They use ATP and NADPH created in the light-dependent reactions to fix carbon dioxide and produce sugar.

The process by which plants use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

A factor that limits the rate of photosynthesis, even if other factors are optimal.

The intensity of light available for photosynthesis, often measured as the distance from the light source.

The concentration of carbon dioxide in the air surrounding the plant; essential for photosynthesis.

The temperature at which the plant is growing, affecting enzyme activity in photosynthesis.

The set of biochemical reactions using carbon dioxide for sugar production, where the first stable product is a 3-carbon molecule.

A photosynthetic pathway where the first stable product is a 4-carbon molecule, minimizing photorespiration.

A metabolic process where plants consume oxygen and release carbon dioxide, reducing photosynthetic efficiency.

The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere at which the rate of photosynthesis equals the rate of respiration, resulting in no net gas exchange.

The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts, involving the transfer of electrons from chlorophyll molecules to electron acceptors.

A substance that changes color when it gains or loses electrons, used to measure the rate of photosynthesis by indicating the rate of electron transfer.

The ability to change color based on the oxidation state of a molecule.

A type of redox indicator used to measure the rate of photosynthesis, changing from a blue to colorless state when reduced.

A type of redox indicator used to measure the rate of photosynthesis, changing from a blue to colorless state when reduced.

The inner bundle sheath cells have many starch-rich chloroplasts which lack grana (agranal chloroplast) and is thus different from those in mesophyll cells.

The outer mesophyll cells have chloroplasts with grana (granal chloroplast). They lack starch grains.

In Kranz anatomy, the bundle sheath cells are large, and no mesophyll cell is more than two or three cells away from the nearest bundle sheath cell.

The bundle sheath cells and mesophyll cells are connected with each other by plasmodesmata which allow the movement of metabolites between the cells.

For the operation of the C4 pathway, contribution of both the cells is required.

The chloroplasts found in the mesophyll and bundle sheath cells are dimorphic, that is they have different forms.

The pathway that C4 plants take is known as Hatch-Slack pathway. In C4 plants, the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle are physically separated, with the light-dependent reactions occurring in the mesophyll cells and the Calvin cycle occurring in the bundle-sheath cells.

First, atmospheric CO2 is fixed in the mesophyll cells to form a simple, 4-carbon organic acid known as oxaloacetate. This step is carried out by an enzyme, PEP carboxylase, that does not bind with O2.