Photosynthesis and the Calvin Cycle Quiz
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What is the primary role of NADPH in the reduction stage of the Calvin cycle?

  • To carry phosphate ions out of the chloroplast
  • To transport G3P to the cytoplasm for storage
  • To facilitate the synthesis of glucose from G3P
  • To donate electrons and reduce 3PG molecules into G3P (correct)

    • In the Calvin cycle, how many CO2 molecules are required to produce one molecule of G3P?

  • Two CO2 molecules
  • One CO2 molecule
  • Six CO2 molecules
  • Three CO2 molecules (correct)

    • Which of the following is a direct product of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

  • RuBP
  • O2 (correct)
  • Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)
  • Glucose

    • What is one of the uses of G3P molecules produced in the Calvin cycle?

    <p>Synthesis of lipids and amino acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What portion of the Calvin cycle involves the regeneration of RuBP?

    <p>Regeneration stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the fate of G3P produced in the Calvin cycle?

    <p>Some G3P is recycled to regenerate RuBP. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary energy source that powers the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

    <p>Sunlight (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT a component required for the Calvin cycle to function?

    <p>O2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of chlorophyll a in photosynthesis?

    <p>To absorb light and convert it to chemical energy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic distinguishes the head group of a chlorophyll molecule?

    <p>It contains a magnesium atom surrounded by a nitrogen-containing structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process do sulfur bacteria utilize to derive energy for converting carbon dioxide into organic compounds?

    <p>Oxidation of hydrogen sulfide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What purpose do accessory pigments serve in photosynthesis?

    <p>They absorb light at specific wavelengths and enhance photosynthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a photosystem, how is light energy transferred among pigment molecules?

    <p>Through a funnel-like energy pass mechanism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reaction illustrates the process used by nitrifying bacteria to obtain energy?

    <p>2NH3 + 3 O2 → 2HNO2 + 2H2O + energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of environments do iron bacteria primarily inhabit?

    <p>Iron-rich environments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the hydrocarbon tail in a chlorophyll molecule?

    <p>To anchor the chlorophyll molecule to the membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about chromatography is true?

    <p>Different components travel through the stationary phase at varying rates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of chemosynthesis primarily relies on which of the following as its energy source?

    <p>Oxidation of inorganic molecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pigments is NOT classified as an accessory pigment?

    <p>Chlorophyll a (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the stroma within chloroplasts?

    <p>Medium for carbon fixation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the magnesium atom in chlorophyll?

    <p>It is crucial for maintaining the structural integrity of the porphyrin ring (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following compounds is produced during the oxidation process of nitrifying bacteria?

    <p>Nitric acid (HNO3) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common species of iron bacteria mentioned in the study of chemosynthesis?

    <p>Ferrobacillus and Leptothrix (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structural component in chloroplasts is involved in capturing light energy?

    <p>Grana (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of carbon dioxide at the carbon dioxide compensation point?

    <p>It is the only gas exchanged at equilibrium. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which process do high-energy electrons get released from chlorophyll a?

    <p>Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the function of redox indicators in measuring photosynthesis is correct?

    <p>They change color when acting as electron acceptors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the rate of photosynthesis when light intensity decreases?

    <p>Photosynthesis rates decline due to decreased light availability. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the change from oxidised to reduced state signify in redox indicators?

    <p>Electrons are being accepted from chlorophyll. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might a redox indicator appear green when reduced?

    <p>Chlorophyll has a green color that affects the solution color. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by a higher rate of color change in the redox indicator?

    <p>Higher intensity or preferable wavelengths of light. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is likely to happen to the rate of respiration as photosynthesis decreases after dusk?

    <p>Respiration may continue but at a reduced rate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT considered a limiting factor for photosynthesis in the experimental setup?

    <p>Soil pH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between light intensity and distance from the light source according to the information provided?

    <p>Intensity is inversely proportional to the square of distance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of plant is characterized by putting CO2 directly into the Calvin cycle?

    <p>C3 plants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do C4 plants minimize photorespiration?

    <p>By utilizing two types of chloroplasts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would happen if the temperature of the water bath is increased during the experiment?

    <p>The rate of photosynthesis may initially increase and then decrease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes how CAM plants avoid photorespiration?

    <p>They store CO2 in the form of malate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why must control variables be kept constant in the photosynthesis experiment?

    <p>To ensure accuracy of results by isolating the effect of the independent variable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of a plant keeping its stomata closed during hot weather?

    <p>Decreased carbon dioxide intake (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of chloroplasts are found in bundle sheath cells?

    <p>Agranular chloroplasts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for the initial fixation of atmospheric CO2 in the C4 pathway?

    <p>PEP carboxylase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between mesophyll and bundle sheath cells in C4 plants?

    <p>Bundle sheath cells contain abundant RuBP carboxylase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of C4 photosynthesis, what role does malate play?

    <p>It is transported to the bundle sheath where it releases CO2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT true of mesophyll chloroplasts?

    <p>They fix CO2 efficiently (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the C4 plant's photosynthesis process, what happens to pyruvate after its production in bundle sheath cells?

    <p>It moves back to mesophyll cells for conversion to PEP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the light-dependent reactions occurring in mesophyll cells compared to bundle sheath cells?

    <p>They are favored due to large grana presence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of plasmodesmata in C4 plants?

    <p>To facilitate the movement of metabolites between cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Nutrition in Plants

    • Plants are autotrophs, meaning they produce their own food.
    • Autotrophic nutrition involves producing organic compounds from inorganic sources.
    • Two main processes are photosynthesis and chemosynthesis.

    Autotrophic Nutrition

    • Autotrophic nutrition: the synthesis of an organic compound from an inorganic carbon source.
    • Chemosynthesis: using the oxidation of inorganic molecules as an energy source.
    • Photosynthesis: using light as an energy source.

    Photosynthesis

    • Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy and stores it in sugar bonds.
    • This process occurs in plants and some algae.
    • Requires light energy, carbon dioxide, and water.
    • Occurs in chloroplasts, using chlorophyll.
    • Photosynthesis occurs in two stages:
      • Light-dependent reactions:
        • Light energy absorbed by chlorophyll is converted to chemical energy (ATP and NADPH).
        • Water is split, releasing oxygen as a byproduct.
      • Light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle):
        • Carbon dioxide is fixed into organic molecules (sugars).
        • ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions provide the energy for this process.

    Chemosynthesis

    • Some bacteria use chemosynthesis to obtain energy.
    • This process involves the oxidation of inorganic compounds such as hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen gas, ammonia, or methane.
    • This energy is then used to convert carbon dioxide into organic compounds.
    • Examples include sulfur bacteria, nitrifying bacteria, and iron bacteria.

    Leaf Structure and Chloroplast Structure

    • Leaves are the primary sites of photosynthesis in plants.
    • Internal structure includes upper and lower epidermis, mesophyll, vascular bundles (veins), and stomata.
    • Chloroplasts contain the pigments necessary for photosynthesis.
    • Chloroplast structure: outer and inner membranes, intermembrane space, stroma, and thylakoids; grana (stack of thylakoids).
    • The arrangement of thylakoids maximizes light absorption.
    • Chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids are key pigments, absorbing various wavelengths of light.

    Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

    • Light intensity and wavelength: higher intensity and wavelengths of light increase photosynthesis rate until a saturation point is reached.
    • Carbon dioxide concentration: increase in CO2 increases photosynthesis until saturation point.
    • Temperature: optimal temperature for photosynthesis is typically 25°C.
    • Compensation points: the light intensity at which the rate of photosynthesis equals the rate of respiration, resulting in zero net gas exchange.

    C3 and C4 Plants and Photorespiration

    • C3 plants: use RuBisCO to fix carbon dioxide in photosynthesis, can experience photorespiration under high temperatures and low CO2.
    • C4 plants: avoid photorespiration by concentrating CO2 around RuBisCO in bundle-sheath cells, more efficient in hot conditions.
    • CAM plants: use a different mechanism to conserve water but still perform photosynthesis effectively.
    • Photorespiration: a process that reduces photosynthetic efficiency by using oxygen rather than carbon dioxide; especially prevalent in high temperature or low CO2 conditions.

    Practical Aspects of Photosynthesis

    • Chromatography is used to separate photosynthetic pigments.
    • Redox indicators can be used to measure the rate of photosynthesis.
    • Controlled experiments are crucial to determine the effects of various factors on plant photosynthesis (e.g., varying light intensity, temperature, CO2 concentration).

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    4.1 Nutrition in Plants PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the Calvin cycle and photosynthesis processes. This quiz covers topics such as NADPH, G3P, the light-dependent reactions, and the role of chlorophyll. Prepare to dive deep into the mechanisms of how plants convert light energy into chemical energy.

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