Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Study Notes

Photosynthesis

Equation: 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂
Reactants: Carbon dioxide (CO₂), Water (H₂O), Light energy
Products: Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆), Oxygen (O₂)
Pigments: Chlorophyll absorbs light energy.
Light-dependent reaction: Converts light energy to chemical energy (ATP and NADPH), releases oxygen.
Reactants: Water (H₂O)
Products: ATP, NADPH
Light-independent reaction (Calvin Cycle): Uses ATP and NADPH to produce glucose from CO₂.
Reactants: CO₂
Products: Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)

Cellular Respiration

Equation: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ → 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + energy (ATP)
Reactants: Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆), Oxygen (O₂)
Products: Carbon dioxide (CO₂), Water (H₂O), ATP
Location: Mitochondria
Stages:
- Glycolysis:
  - Location: Cytoplasm
  - Reactants: Glucose, 2 ATP
  - Products: 2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
- Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle):
  - Location: Mitochondrial matrix
  - Reactants: Pyruvate
  - Products: CO₂, NADH, FADH₂, ATP, GTP
- Electron Transport Chain (ETC) + ATP Synthase:
  - Location: Inner mitochondrial membrane
  - Reactants: NADH, FADH₂, Oxygen (O₂)
  - Products: ATP, Water (H₂O)
Energy Yield: Varies depending on the form of respiration and oxygen availability (aerobic or anaerobic)

ATP

Structure: Adenine base, ribose sugar, phosphate groups
Definition: Stores and releases energy for cellular processes.
Energy Use: Breaking the bond between the second and third phosphate groups releases energy.

Metabolism

Definition: Set of chemical reactions in a cell that convert food to energy and building blocks.
Catabolism: Breaking down organic molecules
Anabolism: Building organic molecules

Organism Types

Autotrophs: Produce their own food (photosynthesis).
Heterotrophs: Obtain food from other organisms (cellular respiration).

Key Differences (Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration)

Photosynthesis: Converts light energy into chemical energy (anabolic).
Cellular Respiration: Releases chemical energy from food (catabolic).
Reactants/Products: Opposite of each other.
Location: Photosynthesis in chloroplasts, Cellular Respiration in mitochondria.

Essential Questions

Photosynthesis reactants/products: CO₂, H₂O (reactants), Glucose, O₂ (products)
ATP per stage: Glycolysis – 2 ATP, Krebs – 2 ATP, ETC – ~34 ATP
Glycolysis location: Cytoplasm
Electron transport chain purpose: Produce ATP by electron transfer & creating a proton gradient.
Electron acceptor: Oxygen (O₂)
Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration: Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, yielding more ATP; anaerobic respiration does not require oxygen.
Glucose carbon fate: Original 6 carbons in glucose become CO₂ during the Krebs cycle.
Photosynthesis start: Light energy absorption by chlorophyll.
Light-dependent products: ATP, NADPH, O₂ (released)
CO₂ for glucose production: 6 CO₂ are needed to make one glucose.
Glucose formula: C₆H₁₂O₆
Calvin Cycle reactants/products: Reactants: CO₂, ATP, NADPH. Products: Glucose, ADP, NADP+
ATP use: Breaking a phosphate bond releases energy for cellular work.
Photosynthetic organisms: Plants, algae, bacteria.
Cellular respiration organisms: Most organisms.

Description

This quiz covers the essential processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration, including their equations, reactants, products, and stages. Test your knowledge on how plants convert light energy into chemical energy and how cells utilize glucose for energy production.