Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main source of energy for all life energy in the universe?
What is the main source of energy for all life energy in the universe?
- CO2
- Glucose
- Sunlight (correct)
- Water
Which element is the basic element of all organic foods?
Which element is the basic element of all organic foods?
- Hydrogen
- Oxygen
- Nitrogen
- Carbon (correct)
What type of cells can benefit from CO2 as the only source of carbon?
What type of cells can benefit from CO2 as the only source of carbon?
- Heterotrophic cells
- Autotrophic cells (correct)
- Cells that feed on water
- Cells that feed on glucose
Which process allows autotrophic cells to obtain energy mainly from the sun?
Which process allows autotrophic cells to obtain energy mainly from the sun?
What is the main source of energy for the formation of organic compounds?
What is the main source of energy for the formation of organic compounds?
What distinguishes autotrophic cells from heterotrophic cells?
What distinguishes autotrophic cells from heterotrophic cells?
What type of cells cannot directly use the sun's energy as a source of energy?
What type of cells cannot directly use the sun's energy as a source of energy?
Which category of cells live on air and use molecular oxygen to oxidize their organic food for energy?
Which category of cells live on air and use molecular oxygen to oxidize their organic food for energy?
What is the process where animals extract energy stored in organic food through bio-demolition reactions known as?
What is the process where animals extract energy stored in organic food through bio-demolition reactions known as?
Which type of cells can live without air and decompose their food without needing oxygen for energy?
Which type of cells can live without air and decompose their food without needing oxygen for energy?
In animals, what compounds are converted into simple end products like carbon dioxide, water, ammonia, and urea during catabolism?
In animals, what compounds are converted into simple end products like carbon dioxide, water, ammonia, and urea during catabolism?
Which organisms can convert sunlight energy into chemical energy stored in organic molecules like glucose or polysaccharides?
Which organisms can convert sunlight energy into chemical energy stored in organic molecules like glucose or polysaccharides?
What is the process that occurs within a series of reactions called?
What is the process that occurs within a series of reactions called?
How do animals extract energy stored in glucose or polysaccharides?
How do animals extract energy stored in glucose or polysaccharides?
Which type of UV light has the longest wavelength and is considered least harmful?
Which type of UV light has the longest wavelength and is considered least harmful?
What concept in bioenergetics predicts if a process is possible or not?
What concept in bioenergetics predicts if a process is possible or not?
What does ΔG predict in a reaction?
What does ΔG predict in a reaction?
What is the standard free energy (ΔGo) used to determine?
What is the standard free energy (ΔGo) used to determine?
What is the standard free energy of hydrolysis for each terminal phosphate group in ATP?
What is the standard free energy of hydrolysis for each terminal phosphate group in ATP?
Which compound is produced when two phosphate groups are removed from ATP?
Which compound is produced when two phosphate groups are removed from ATP?
What are some other energy-rich compounds besides ATP mentioned in the text?
What are some other energy-rich compounds besides ATP mentioned in the text?
Why is ATP referred to as a high-energy phosphate compound?
Why is ATP referred to as a high-energy phosphate compound?
How many small molecules are mentioned that countless nutrients break down into over days and years?
How many small molecules are mentioned that countless nutrients break down into over days and years?
What type of reactions are involved in obtaining energy from food like glucose?
What type of reactions are involved in obtaining energy from food like glucose?
Which molecules are the most important coenzymes used in cells for obtaining complete oxidation in bio-reactions?
Which molecules are the most important coenzymes used in cells for obtaining complete oxidation in bio-reactions?
In living cells, how are nonspontaneous reactions driven?
In living cells, how are nonspontaneous reactions driven?
What is the function of enzymes in cellular metabolism?
What is the function of enzymes in cellular metabolism?
What role do NAD+ and FAD play in cellular oxidation?
What role do NAD+ and FAD play in cellular oxidation?
How are chemical reactions arranged in a living cell?
How are chemical reactions arranged in a living cell?
What is needed to drive metabolism in living cells?
What is needed to drive metabolism in living cells?
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Study Notes
Energy-Rich Compounds
- ATP, GTP, Creatine phosphate, and pyrophosphate (PPi) are energy-rich compounds, releasing more than 5Kcal of energy.
- The standard free energy of hydrolysis of ATP (ΔGo) is approximately -7.3 kcal/mol for each of the two terminal phosphate groups.
- ATP is a high-energy phosphate compound due to its large, negative ΔGo.
ATP as an Energy Carrier
- ATP is used to shuttle chemical energy from catabolism to anabolism, serving as a common link between these two processes.
Energy from Food
- Reactions to obtain energy from food (e.g., glucose) involve oxidation, often removing hydrogen and transporting electrons.
- Coenzymes NAD+ and FAD are used to facilitate oxidation in bio-reactions.
Metabolic Reactions
- Thousands of chemical reactions occur in living cells, arranged into pathways.
- Each reaction in metabolism is catalyzed by an enzyme, controlling the flow of material through pathways.
- Nonspontaneous reactions are driven by coupling them to spontaneous reactions, requiring an outside source of energy.
Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis reactions occur in a series, producing glucose (and other compounds) using energy from sunlight.
- Plants extract energy from sunlight and store it in glucose (and other compounds).
Bioenergy
- Bioenergy describes the transfer and utilization of energy in biologic systems, using the concept of free energy (ΔG) or Gibbs energy (ΔGo).
- ΔG predicts the change in free energy, determining the direction of a reaction, while ΔGo is the energy change at a concentration of 1 mol/L.
Sources of Biochemical Energy
- Organic foods are the sources of biochemical energy, with carbon as the basic element, and sunlight as the ultimate energy source.
- Autotrophic cells use CO2 as a carbon source, producing life molecules through photosynthesis.
- Heterotrophic cells, including animals and some microorganisms, obtain carbon from organic food sources.
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