Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main source of energy for all life energy in the universe?
What is the main source of energy for all life energy in the universe?
Which element is the basic element of all organic foods?
Which element is the basic element of all organic foods?
What type of cells can benefit from CO2 as the only source of carbon?
What type of cells can benefit from CO2 as the only source of carbon?
Which process allows autotrophic cells to obtain energy mainly from the sun?
Which process allows autotrophic cells to obtain energy mainly from the sun?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main source of energy for the formation of organic compounds?
What is the main source of energy for the formation of organic compounds?
Signup and view all the answers
What distinguishes autotrophic cells from heterotrophic cells?
What distinguishes autotrophic cells from heterotrophic cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of cells cannot directly use the sun's energy as a source of energy?
What type of cells cannot directly use the sun's energy as a source of energy?
Signup and view all the answers
Which category of cells live on air and use molecular oxygen to oxidize their organic food for energy?
Which category of cells live on air and use molecular oxygen to oxidize their organic food for energy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the process where animals extract energy stored in organic food through bio-demolition reactions known as?
What is the process where animals extract energy stored in organic food through bio-demolition reactions known as?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of cells can live without air and decompose their food without needing oxygen for energy?
Which type of cells can live without air and decompose their food without needing oxygen for energy?
Signup and view all the answers
In animals, what compounds are converted into simple end products like carbon dioxide, water, ammonia, and urea during catabolism?
In animals, what compounds are converted into simple end products like carbon dioxide, water, ammonia, and urea during catabolism?
Signup and view all the answers
Which organisms can convert sunlight energy into chemical energy stored in organic molecules like glucose or polysaccharides?
Which organisms can convert sunlight energy into chemical energy stored in organic molecules like glucose or polysaccharides?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the process that occurs within a series of reactions called?
What is the process that occurs within a series of reactions called?
Signup and view all the answers
How do animals extract energy stored in glucose or polysaccharides?
How do animals extract energy stored in glucose or polysaccharides?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of UV light has the longest wavelength and is considered least harmful?
Which type of UV light has the longest wavelength and is considered least harmful?
Signup and view all the answers
What concept in bioenergetics predicts if a process is possible or not?
What concept in bioenergetics predicts if a process is possible or not?
Signup and view all the answers
What does ΔG predict in a reaction?
What does ΔG predict in a reaction?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the standard free energy (ΔGo) used to determine?
What is the standard free energy (ΔGo) used to determine?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the standard free energy of hydrolysis for each terminal phosphate group in ATP?
What is the standard free energy of hydrolysis for each terminal phosphate group in ATP?
Signup and view all the answers
Which compound is produced when two phosphate groups are removed from ATP?
Which compound is produced when two phosphate groups are removed from ATP?
Signup and view all the answers
What are some other energy-rich compounds besides ATP mentioned in the text?
What are some other energy-rich compounds besides ATP mentioned in the text?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is ATP referred to as a high-energy phosphate compound?
Why is ATP referred to as a high-energy phosphate compound?
Signup and view all the answers
How many small molecules are mentioned that countless nutrients break down into over days and years?
How many small molecules are mentioned that countless nutrients break down into over days and years?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of reactions are involved in obtaining energy from food like glucose?
What type of reactions are involved in obtaining energy from food like glucose?
Signup and view all the answers
Which molecules are the most important coenzymes used in cells for obtaining complete oxidation in bio-reactions?
Which molecules are the most important coenzymes used in cells for obtaining complete oxidation in bio-reactions?
Signup and view all the answers
In living cells, how are nonspontaneous reactions driven?
In living cells, how are nonspontaneous reactions driven?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of enzymes in cellular metabolism?
What is the function of enzymes in cellular metabolism?
Signup and view all the answers
What role do NAD+ and FAD play in cellular oxidation?
What role do NAD+ and FAD play in cellular oxidation?
Signup and view all the answers
How are chemical reactions arranged in a living cell?
How are chemical reactions arranged in a living cell?
Signup and view all the answers
What is needed to drive metabolism in living cells?
What is needed to drive metabolism in living cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Energy-Rich Compounds
- ATP, GTP, Creatine phosphate, and pyrophosphate (PPi) are energy-rich compounds, releasing more than 5Kcal of energy.
- The standard free energy of hydrolysis of ATP (ΔGo) is approximately -7.3 kcal/mol for each of the two terminal phosphate groups.
- ATP is a high-energy phosphate compound due to its large, negative ΔGo.
ATP as an Energy Carrier
- ATP is used to shuttle chemical energy from catabolism to anabolism, serving as a common link between these two processes.
Energy from Food
- Reactions to obtain energy from food (e.g., glucose) involve oxidation, often removing hydrogen and transporting electrons.
- Coenzymes NAD+ and FAD are used to facilitate oxidation in bio-reactions.
Metabolic Reactions
- Thousands of chemical reactions occur in living cells, arranged into pathways.
- Each reaction in metabolism is catalyzed by an enzyme, controlling the flow of material through pathways.
- Nonspontaneous reactions are driven by coupling them to spontaneous reactions, requiring an outside source of energy.
Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis reactions occur in a series, producing glucose (and other compounds) using energy from sunlight.
- Plants extract energy from sunlight and store it in glucose (and other compounds).
Bioenergy
- Bioenergy describes the transfer and utilization of energy in biologic systems, using the concept of free energy (ΔG) or Gibbs energy (ΔGo).
- ΔG predicts the change in free energy, determining the direction of a reaction, while ΔGo is the energy change at a concentration of 1 mol/L.
Sources of Biochemical Energy
- Organic foods are the sources of biochemical energy, with carbon as the basic element, and sunlight as the ultimate energy source.
- Autotrophic cells use CO2 as a carbon source, producing life molecules through photosynthesis.
- Heterotrophic cells, including animals and some microorganisms, obtain carbon from organic food sources.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Learn about how plants convert sunlight into energy-rich molecules and how animals extract energy from glucose through cellular respiration. Explore the roles of mitochondria and the importance of light in these biochemical reactions.
