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Questions and Answers
What is the primary product of photosynthesis that serves as a key source of energy for organisms?
What is the primary product of photosynthesis that serves as a key source of energy for organisms?
- Glucose (correct)
- Starch
- Oxygen gas
- Carbon dioxide
Which gas is a waste product of cellular respiration?
Which gas is a waste product of cellular respiration?
- Oxygen
- Nitrogen
- Carbon dioxide (correct)
- Methane
Where does the production of ATP primarily occur in plant and animal cells?
Where does the production of ATP primarily occur in plant and animal cells?
- Ribosomes
- Mitochondria (correct)
- Nucleus
- Chloroplasts
What represents the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
What represents the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Which statement incorrectly describes cellular respiration?
Which statement incorrectly describes cellular respiration?
What is the purpose of the surplus organic molecules produced by photosynthesis in plants?
What is the purpose of the surplus organic molecules produced by photosynthesis in plants?
During cellular respiration, which gas do cells intake from their surroundings?
During cellular respiration, which gas do cells intake from their surroundings?
What is a primary distinction between how plants and animals utilize photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
What is a primary distinction between how plants and animals utilize photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
What is the primary function of cellular respiration?
What is the primary function of cellular respiration?
Which statement about glycolysis is correct?
Which statement about glycolysis is correct?
What must happen to pyruvic acid before it can enter the citric acid cycle?
What must happen to pyruvic acid before it can enter the citric acid cycle?
Where does electron transport occur in a eukaryotic cell?
Where does electron transport occur in a eukaryotic cell?
How many ATP molecules can be produced from one molecule of glucose through cellular respiration?
How many ATP molecules can be produced from one molecule of glucose through cellular respiration?
What is produced alongside NADH during glycolysis?
What is produced alongside NADH during glycolysis?
What is the role of coenzyme A (CoA) in cellular respiration?
What is the role of coenzyme A (CoA) in cellular respiration?
Which molecule serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
Which molecule serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
What is the primary role of acetic acid in the citric acid cycle?
What is the primary role of acetic acid in the citric acid cycle?
Which of the following products is NOT a direct output of the citric acid cycle?
Which of the following products is NOT a direct output of the citric acid cycle?
During cellular respiration, where do the electrons initially transferred from glucose go after forming NADH?
During cellular respiration, where do the electrons initially transferred from glucose go after forming NADH?
How many carbon atoms are released as carbon dioxide for every acetic acid molecule that enters the citric acid cycle?
How many carbon atoms are released as carbon dioxide for every acetic acid molecule that enters the citric acid cycle?
Which statement best describes the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?
Which statement best describes the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?
What happens to the four-carbon acceptor molecule at the end of the citric acid cycle?
What happens to the four-carbon acceptor molecule at the end of the citric acid cycle?
Which molecule captures energy in a more significant amount than ATP during the citric acid cycle?
Which molecule captures energy in a more significant amount than ATP during the citric acid cycle?
What is a result of the electron transport chain activity in cellular respiration?
What is a result of the electron transport chain activity in cellular respiration?
What key event occurred after the appearance of the oldest prokaryotic fossils on the timeline of life on Earth?
What key event occurred after the appearance of the oldest prokaryotic fossils on the timeline of life on Earth?
Which feature of glycolysis suggests that it evolved very early in the history of life?
Which feature of glycolysis suggests that it evolved very early in the history of life?
Which statement best describes the location of glycolysis within the cell?
Which statement best describes the location of glycolysis within the cell?
Which of the following statements about the timeline of life on Earth is accurate?
Which of the following statements about the timeline of life on Earth is accurate?
What implication does the evolution of glycolysis have for understanding the development of life?
What implication does the evolution of glycolysis have for understanding the development of life?
What is the primary purpose of glycolysis in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
What is the primary purpose of glycolysis in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
In human muscle cells, what waste product is generated when oxygen is not available during glycolysis?
In human muscle cells, what waste product is generated when oxygen is not available during glycolysis?
What defines fermentation in microorganisms compared to aerobic respiration?
What defines fermentation in microorganisms compared to aerobic respiration?
Why can't NAD+ be regenerated through electron transport chains under anaerobic conditions?
Why can't NAD+ be regenerated through electron transport chains under anaerobic conditions?
What is the total ATP yield from glycolysis when one glucose molecule is converted to pyruvic acid?
What is the total ATP yield from glycolysis when one glucose molecule is converted to pyruvic acid?
What type of fermentation do yeast typically undergo in the absence of oxygen?
What type of fermentation do yeast typically undergo in the absence of oxygen?
Which of the following statements best describes glycolysis in the context of evolution?
Which of the following statements best describes glycolysis in the context of evolution?
What is the net effect of anaerobic fermentation on the supplied glucose molecule?
What is the net effect of anaerobic fermentation on the supplied glucose molecule?
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Study Notes
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
- Photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose, which is a type of sugar, and oxygen.
- Cellular respiration uses oxygen and glucose to produce ATP and releases carbon dioxide and water.
- Plants generally create more organic molecules than they need, which they use for growth and storage.
- The statement “Plants perform photosynthesis, whereas animals perform cellular respiration” is misleading because both processes are necessary for life and occur in both plants and animals.
Cellular Respiration
- Harvests energy from food molecules to create ATP
- Is an aerobic process that requires oxygen and takes place mainly in the mitochondria
- Requires cells to take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide as waste
- The electron transport chains, which are embedded in the inner membranes of mitochondria, play a crucial role in producing ATP.
Stages of Cellular Respiration
- Glycolysis
- Occurs outside the mitochondria
- Involves the breakdown of glucose to produce pyruvic acid, ATP, and NADH
- Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
- Occurs inside the mitochondria
- Begins with the conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA, which then enters the cycle
- Produces carbon dioxide, ATP, NADH, and FADH2
- Electron Transport
- Occurs inside the mitochondria
- NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons that are passed along a series of electron carriers, generating ATP in the process
- Oxygen is the final electron acceptor
Fermentation
- An anaerobic process for energy harvesting
- Uses glycolysis to produce ATP without oxygen
- Produces lactic acid or ethyl alcohol as a waste product depending on the organism
- Occurs in our muscles when oxygen is limited
- Used by certain organisms, such as yeast, for survival in anaerobic environments
Evolutionary Importance of Oxygen
- The ancient prokaryotes probably relied on glycolysis for ATP production before the emergence of oxygen in Earth's atmosphere.
- Glycolysis is a universal energy-harvesting process present in almost all organisms, suggesting its early evolution.
- The absence of organelle requirements for glycolysis points to its early existence, predating the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
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