ATP, Photosynthesis, and Cellular Respiration

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Questions and Answers

What type of bond is formed when ATP is converted to ADP, releasing energy for cellular processes?

  • Phosphoanhydride Bond (correct)
  • Hydrogen Bond
  • Peptide Bond
  • Glycosidic Bond

Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of ATP in cells?

  • ATP is a structural component of cell membranes.
  • ATP serves as the main energy currency, powering various cellular activities. (correct)
  • ATP is a waste product of anabolic reactions.
  • ATP primarily functions as an enzyme to catalyze metabolic reactions.

In photosynthesis, which of the following occurs in the thylakoid membranes?

  • The Calvin cycle, where sugars are synthesized.
  • Carbon fixation, where carbon dioxide is converted into sugars.
  • The breakdown of glucose to release energy.
  • Light-dependent reactions, where light energy is converted into chemical energy. (correct)

During cellular respiration, what is the primary role of oxygen?

<p>To act as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast?

<p>Calvin cycle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration?

<p>To extract high-energy electrons from organic molecules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the electron transport chain contribute to ATP production during cellular respiration?

<p>By using the energy from electron transfer to pump protons and create an electrochemical gradient. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In photosynthesis, what is the role of water?

<p>To supply electrons for the electron transport chain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the direct product of the Calvin cycle that is used to produce glucose and other organic molecules?

<p>G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the primary function of fermentation?

<p>To regenerate NAD+ so glycolysis can continue. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does glycolysis take place in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Cytosol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During photosynthesis, what is the role of chlorophyll?

<p>To absorb light energy, initiating the photosynthetic process. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of ATP synthase?

<p>To synthesize ATP from ADP and phosphate using the energy of a proton gradient. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do photosynthesis and cellular respiration relate to each other in terms of energy?

<p>Photosynthesis produces glucose, which is then used in cellular respiration to produce ATP. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the net ATP production from glycolysis per molecule of glucose?

<p>2 ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a product of the light-dependent reactions that is utilized in the Calvin cycle?

<p>NADPH (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?

<p>To generate a proton gradient to drive ATP Synthase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is ATP used in the cell to perform work?

<p>Hydrolyzing ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In anaerobic conditions, what pathway do cells use to regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis?

<p>Fermentation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following chemical equations best represents photosynthesis?

<p>$6CO_2 + 6H_2O \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate; cellular energy currency. Powers cellular work.

ADP

Adenosine diphosphate; results from ATP losing a phosphate group, releasing energy.

Photosynthesis

The process that converts light energy to chemical energy and produces sugar and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water.

Light Reactions

The metabolic stage of photosynthesis that captures light energy to produce ATP and NADPH, which are used in the Calvin cycle.

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Calvin Cycle

The stage of photosynthesis that uses ATP and NADPH to convert carbon dioxide to sugar.

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Electron Transport Chain

A series of protein complexes that transfer electrons, releasing energy to pump H+ ions and synthesize ATP.

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Cellular respiration

A process that occurs in the mitochondria and converts Glucose and oxygen to carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.

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Fermentation

An anaerobic process that produces a small amount of ATP from glucose, along with waste produces, such as lactic acid or ethanol.

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Krebs Cycle

An enzyme-catalyzed series of chemical reactions that form a key part of aerobic respiration in cells. It results in the production of carbon dioxide and high-energy electron carriers.

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Glycolysis

The breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.

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Study Notes

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

  • ATP is composed of Adenine, Ribose, and 3 Phosphate Groups
  • The conversion of Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) and Phosphate into Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) requires energy
  • ATP powers most cellular work

Photosynthesis

  • Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts
  • The inputs of photosynthesis are carbon dioxide and water
  • The products of photosynthesis are organic molecules and oxygen

Cellular Respiration

  • Cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria.
  • The inputs are organic molecules and the products are carbon dioxide and water.

Ecosystem

  • An ecosystem harnesses light energy for photosynthesis, which produces organic molecules
  • Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria

Chloroplast Structure

  • Chloroplasts contain outer and inner membranes, with an intermembrane space in between
  • Stroma is the aqueous fluid inside the chloroplast
  • Thylakoids are stacked into grana, and lamella connect these stacks.
  • The lumen is the space inside the thylakoid

Photosynthesis Process

  • The light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoids
  • The Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions or C3 cycle) takes place in the stroma
  • The end product of photosynthesis is glucose

Light Reactions

  • Photosystems I and II, along with the electron transport chain, are involved in the light reactions
  • Key molecules generated are ATP and NADPH

Calvin Cycle

  • This cycle is also known as the C3 cycle
  • It occurs in the stroma
  • RuBP is used
  • The products include 3-Phosphoglycerate, G3P, starch, amino acids, fatty acids, and sucrose

How Photosystems Work

  • Light energy is captured, leading to the creation of ATP.
  • Water is split, producing oxygen.
  • Electrons travel through the electron transport chain

Chemiosmosis

  • Chemiosmosis involves light energy and the movement of electrons, to create ATP

Calvin Cycle Details

  • Carbon dioxide (6 molecules, 6 carbons total) combines with RuBP (6 molecules, 30 carbons total)
  • 12 molecules with 36 total carbons result
  • The final product is sugar (1 molecule, 6 carbons)

Cellular Respiration Overview

  • Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol
  • The Krebs cycle and electron transport chain occur in the mitochondrion

Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain

  • Glucose is converted to pyruvate via glycolysis in the cytoplasm, yielding 2 ATP
  • With oxygen, pyruvate enters the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, producing CO2
  • The electron transport chain then generates water and 34-36 ATP

Respiration vs Fermentation

  • Respiration involves Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain
  • Fermentation involves glycolysis and the formation of fermentation products
  • Both process use glucose as their intial ingredient

Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle

  • Acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle.
  • ATP, NADH, and FADH2 are products of the cycle

Electron Transport System

  • NADH and FADH2 donate electrons
  • ATP is generated through a synthase complex

Glycolysis

  • Glycolysis can occur with or without oxygen
  • Without oxygen, it leads to lactic acid (in animals) or ethanol and CO2 (in yeast)
  • It begins with Glucose and yeilds pyruvic acid

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