Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the role of bundle sheath cells in the leaf anatomy?

Bundle sheath cells surround the vascular bundles (xylem and phloem) in a leaf, helping to regulate the movement of water and nutrients.

What is the function of the guard cells in leaf anatomy?

Guard cells control the opening and closing of stomata, regulating gas exchange and water loss in the leaf.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an autotroph?

  • Produces its own food from inorganic materials
  • Consumes other organisms for nutrition (correct)
  • Uses light or chemical energy
  • Plays a vital role in food webs

    • What is the primary function of photosynthesis in plants?

    <p>Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose, using carbon dioxide and water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cellular respiration?

    <p>Cellular respiration breaks down glucose in a series of reactions to produce ATP, the energy currency of cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organelles is the primary site for photosynthesis in plant cells?

    <p>Chloroplasts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organelles is the primary site for cellular respiration in both plant and animal cells?

    <p>Mitochondria (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the fluid-filled space within the inner membrane of a mitochondrion?

    <p>The fluid-filled space within the inner membrane of a mitochondrion is called the matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The molecule ATP is composed of three phosphate groups, ribose, and adenine.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process by which ATP is broken down into ADP and a phosphate group, releasing energy?

    <p>The breakdown of ATP into ADP and a phosphate group, releasing energy, is known as ATP hydrolysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the overall sum of chemical processes that occur within a cell?

    <p>The sum of all chemical processes within a cell is called metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of metabolic reaction involves the breakdown of large molecules into smaller subunits, often releasing energy?

    <p>Catabolic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Redox reactions are chemical reactions involving the transfer of electrons.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reactions involves the removal of a carboxyl group (COOH) from a molecule?

    <p>Decarboxylation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process in which a phosphate group is added to a molecule?

    <p>The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule is called phosphorylation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general term for the breakdown of a large molecule into smaller parts?

    <p>The breakdown of a large molecule into smaller parts is generally known as lysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to organisms that cannot produce their own food and must obtain it from other organisms?

    <p>Heterotrophs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Photosynthesis takes place in a series of reactions called a metabolic pathway, one of the byproducts being oxygen.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the green pigment that traps light energy in chloroplasts?

    <p>The green pigment that traps light energy in chloroplasts is called chlorophyll.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the leaf cells does photosynthesis primarily occur?

    <p>Chloroplasts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of glucose and ATP during photosynthesis.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The electromagnetic spectrum of light represents the energy content and absorptive potential of different wavelengths.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pigments in plants is NOT involved in absorbing light energy for photosynthesis?

    <p>Melanin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the pigment that absorbs light energy in a similar spectrum to chlorophyll A, but in lower amounts?

    <p>The pigment that absorbs light energy in a similar spectrum to chlorophyll A, but in lower amounts, is called chlorophyll B.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the group of pigments that serve as accessory pigments in photosynthesis, broadening the spectrum of absorption?

    <p>The group of pigments that serve as accessory pigments, broadening the spectrum of absorption, are called carotenoids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following colors of light is primarily reflected by chlorophyll, resulting in the green color of plants?

    <p>Green (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between an absorption spectrum and an action spectrum in photosynthesis?

    <p>An absorption spectrum shows the amount of light absorbed by a pigment at different wavelengths, while an action spectrum represents the effectiveness of different wavelengths in driving the photosynthetic process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which wavelengths of light are most effective in driving photosynthesis?

    <p>Red and blue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pigments are NOT well absorbed by accessory pigments?

    <p>Accessory pigments generally do not absorb green wavelengths very well.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the technique used to separate pigments from a plant extract based on their solubility?

    <p>The technique used to separate pigments based on solubility is called chromatography.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Rf value in chromatography and what information does it reveal about a pigment?

    <p>The Rf value in chromatography represents the ratio of the distance travelled by a pigment to the distance travelled by the solvent. It reflects the solubility of the pigment in the solvent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Photosynthesis can be summarized into two groups of reactions: light-dependent and light-independent reactions.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two products produced during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

    <p>The light-dependent reactions produce ATP (chemical energy) and NADPH (reducing power) which are crucial for the light-independent reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the light-independent reactions in photosynthesis?

    <p>The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis are also known as the Calvin cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur within the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main reactants used in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis?

    <p>The main reactants in the light-dependent reactions are water and light.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis occur in the stroma of chloroplasts.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the main steps involved in photolysis, a crucial process in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

    <p>Photolysis involves the splitting of water molecules by enzymes in the thylakoid membrane, releasing oxygen, electrons, and hydrogen ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane uses the energy from electrons to pump protons across a membrane, generating a proton gradient.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the enzyme that uses the proton gradient to produce ATP in the light-dependent reactions?

    <p>The enzyme that uses the proton gradient to generate ATP is called ATP synthase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis are also known as carbon fixation.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary products of the Calvin cycle?

    <p>G3P and glucose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the initial step of the Calvin cycle, where carbon dioxide is fixed to RuBP?

    <p>The enzyme that catalyzes the initial step of the Calvin cycle is called RuBP carboxylase or rubisco.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Calvin cycle regenerates its starting material, RuBP, at the end of each cycle.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT affect the rate of photosynthesis?

    <p>Oxygen concentration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rate of photosynthesis increases linearly with increasing light intensity, eventually reaching a plateau where it stays constant.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzymes involved in photosynthesis are sensitive to temperature and can be destroyed at higher temperatures, limiting the rate of photosynthesis.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increasing carbon dioxide concentration generally leads to a linear increase in the rate of photosynthesis until a point where it plateaus.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Autotroph

    An organism that produces its own food from inorganic materials using light or chemical energy.

    Heterotroph

    An organism that cannot produce its own food and must consume other organisms for nutrition.

    Photosynthesis

    The process where solar energy is converted into chemical energy stored as glucose.

    Cellular Respiration

    The process by which glucose is broken down to produce ATP.

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    Chloroplast

    The organelle where photosynthesis takes place in plant cells.

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    Mitochondria

    The organelle where cellular respiration occurs in both plant and animal cells.

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    ATP

    A molecule that stores and provides energy for cellular processes.

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    ADP

    A molecule formed when ATP loses one phosphate group, releasing energy.

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    Calvin Cycle

    The light-independent reactions where CO2 is converted into glucose.

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    Light-Dependent Reactions

    Reactions that require light to produce ATP and NADPH.

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    Light-Independent Reactions

    Reactions that do not require light, using ATP and NADPH to fix carbon.

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    Photolysis

    The process of breaking down water molecules to release oxygen during photosynthesis.

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    Oxidation

    A reaction in which an atom or molecule loses electrons.

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    Reduction

    A reaction in which an atom or molecule gains electrons.

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    G3P

    A three-carbon sugar produced in the Calvin cycle.

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    Factors affecting Photosynthesis

    Light, temperature, and CO2 levels that influence the rate of photosynthesis.

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    Chlorophyll

    The green pigment in plants responsible for absorbing light energy for photosynthesis.

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    Chemiosmosis

    The process where H+ ions flow through ATP synthase to produce ATP.

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    Redox Reactions

    Reactions involving oxidation (loss of electrons) and reduction (gain of electrons).

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    Calvin Cycle phases

    Three stages: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration.

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    Accessory Pigments

    Pigments that assist chlorophyll in capturing light energy.

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    Absorption Spectrum

    A graph showing how much light is absorbed by pigments at different wavelengths.

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    Action Spectrum

    A graph that measures the effectiveness of different wavelengths of light in photosynthesis.

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    Photosystem

    Groups of pigments and proteins that capture light energy in plants.

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    Thylakoid

    Membrane-bound structures within chloroplasts where light-dependent reactions occur.

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    Stroma

    The fluid-filled space inside chloroplasts where light-independent reactions occur.

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    Energy Pathways

    The transformations of energy and matter in living systems, like photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

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    Chlorophyll a

    The primary pigment used in photosynthesis, absorbing primarily blue and red light.

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    Study Notes

    Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

    • Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are examples of metabolic pathways.
    • Autotrophs make their own food, while heterotrophs consume other organisms.
    • During photosynthesis, light energy transforms into chemical energy in the form of glucose.
    • Cellular respiration breaks down glucose to produce ATP (energy).

    Leaf Anatomy Review

    • A leaf's internal structure (anatomy) supports photosynthesis.
    • Key components of a leaf include the upper epidermis, palisade mesophyll cells, bundle sheath cells, xylem, phloem, lower epidermis, spongy mesophyll cells, guard cells, and stoma.
    • Cuticle layers are present on both upper and lower leaf surfaces.
    • Veins are located within the leaf; contain xylem and phloem.

    Comparison Between Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

    • Photosynthesis converts inorganic raw materials into glucose, storing solar energy in chemical bonds.
    • Cellular respiration breaks down glucose, releasing stored chemical energy.
    • Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, whereas cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria.
    • Organisms such as plants are autotrophs, meaning they make their own food using photosynthesis.
    • Organisms such as animals are heterotrophs.

    The Chloroplast

    • Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis in plant cells.
    • Chloroplasts have a double membrane structure and contain stroma, thylakoids, and grana.
    • Stroma is the fluid-filled space inside the chloroplast.
    • Thylakoids are flattened sac-like membrane structures in stroma.
    • Grana are stacks of thylakoids.
    • Chloroplasts contain pigments, primarily chlorophyll, that capture light energy for photosynthesis.

    The Mitochondria

    • Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration in both plant and animal cells.
    • Mitochondria have two membranes, an outer and an inner membrane.
    • The inner membrane has folds called cristae.
    • The fluid-filled space within the inner membrane is known as the matrix.
    • The matrix contains the enzymes and chemical components necessary for the breakdown of carbohydrates to create ATP.

    ATP Molecule

    • ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a molecule composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.
    • ATP stores and releases energy.
    • The breakdown of ATP releases energy, releasing a phosphate group (forming ADP).
    • The resynthesis of ATP requires energy to attach the phosphate group back to an ADP molecule.

    ATP

    • ATP can be broken down twice to release energy.
    • Decomposition of ATP releases more energy than decomposition of ADP.
    • The resynthesis of ATP requires energy.

    Metabolic Pathways

    • Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration are series of pathways to synthesize or breakdown materials.
    • Each pathway is made up of step by step sequences.
    • Metabolism comprises anabolic (building) and catabolic (breaking down) reaction pathways.

    Types of Reactions

    • Redox reactions, decarboxylation, phosphorylation, and lysis are common reactions in photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
    • Oxidation involves loss of electrons, and reduction involves gain of electrons.

    Oxidation & Reduction

    • Oxidation is a chemical process where an atom or molecule loses electrons and energy.
    • Reduction is a chemical process where an atom or molecule gains electrons and energy.
    • Oxidation and reduction reactions occur simultaneously. Electrons lost during oxidation are gained by other molecules in a reduction reaction. Oxidation-reduction reactions (redox reactions) are essential to energy transfer in cells.

    Photosynthesis

    • Plants use photosynthesis to produce food.
    • For photosynthesis, light energy is transformed into chemical energy stored in glucose.
    • Plants use the raw materials of carbon dioxide and water.
    • Photosynthesis is an example of a metabolic pathway.

    The Generalized Formula for Photosynthesis

    • The generalized formula for photosynthesis is 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ (carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen)

    Overview of Photosynthesis

    • Photosynthesis occurs mainly in leaf cells within specialized organelles called chloroplasts.
    • Chlorophyll, the green pigment inside chloroplasts, traps light energy.
    • A series of reactions converts trapped light energy into chemical energy in glucose and ATP.

    Photosynthetic Pigments and Absorption

    • Light comes in various wavelengths that hold energy, and absorption.

    Types of Pigments

    • Chlorophyll A is the main pigment involved in direct energy capture for photosynthesis.
    • Chlorophyll B absorbs light at slightly different wavelengths and passes its energy to chlorophyll A.
    • Carotenoids act as accessory pigments, capturing a wider range of light wavelengths and transferring the captured energy to chlorophyll.

    Absorption and Action Spectra

    • These spectra show which wavelengths of light are absorbed or used most effectively in photosynthesis.
    • The absorption spectrum shows the wavelengths of light absorbed by a pigment.
    • The action spectrum shows the relative rates of photosynthesis at different wavelengths of light.

    Light-Dependent Reactions

    • Light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoids within the chloroplast membranes.
    • Light-dependent reactions require light as an energy source.
    • Light-dependent reactions generate ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.

    Photosystems

    • Photosystems I and II are protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane containing chlorophyll molecules.
    • Photosystems act as light-gathering antenna complexes, capturing light energy and transferring it to chlorophyll A in the reaction center.

    Step 1 of Light-Dependent Reactions: Photolysis

    • Water molecules are split (photolysis) to provide electrons, H+ ions, and oxygen.
    • This process releases electrons to replace those lost from photosystem II.

    Step 2 of Light-Dependent Reactions: Electron Transport Chain

    • Energized electrons move through a series of electron carriers (electron transport system), releasing energy as they move.
    • The released energy pumps H+ ions into the thylakoid space.

    Step 3 of Light-Dependent Reactions: Photosystem I

    • Light energy excites electrons in photosystem I.
    • Excited electrons are transferred to another electron acceptor.
    • The electron lost by photosystem I is replaced by the electron that has traveled through the electron transport system from Photosystem II.

    Step 4 of Light-Dependent Reactions: NADPH Production

    • Electrons from photosystem I are used to reduce NADP+ to NADPH, a molecule with reducing power used in the next reactions.

    ATP Production in Light Dependent Reactions (Chemiosmosis)

    • The energy released by electrons moving through the transport chain is used to pump hydrogen ions (H+) from the stroma into the thylakoid space.
    • This creates a concentration gradient of H+ ions across the thylakoid membrane.
    • ATP synthase uses this gradient to generate ATP.

    What Happens During Chemiosmosis

    • H+ ions move from the thylakoid space into the stroma through ATP synthase..
    • The flow of H+ ions activates ATP synthase, causing ADP and phosphate groups to join, forming ATP.

    Light Independent Reactions

    • Light-independent reactions occur in the stroma of the chloroplast.
    • Light-independent reactions use energy from ATP and NADPH to synthesize glucose.

    The Calvin-Benson Cycle

    • Six molecules of CO2 are fixed (incorporated into an organic molecule) for every molecule of glucose.
    • This involves three phases: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration.
    • Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) is the five-carbon molecule initially used in fixing CO₂.
    • NADPH carries electrons to reduce 3-phosphoglycerate to G3P molecules.
    • G3P exits the Calvin cycle to form sugars, while RuBP is regenerated.
    • Overall, the Calvin cycle requires energy from nine molecules of ATP and six molecules of NADPH to build one molecule of G3P (glucose).

    Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

    • Light intensity, temperature, and carbon dioxide concentration are the main factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis.

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    Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration PDF

    Description

    Explore the essential processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration through this quiz. Understand the metabolic pathways, compare the roles of autotrophs and heterotrophs, and review the anatomy of leaves crucial for these processes. Test your knowledge of how these two fundamental biological processes interact and contribute to energy transformation.

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