Biology Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration
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Questions and Answers

What is the scientific term for a self-feeder organism?

  • Heterotroph
  • Autotroph (correct)
  • Chemotroph
  • Saprotroph

    • What are the two main types of metabolic pathways?

  • Anabolic and Autotrophic
  • Catabolic and Heterotrophic
  • Catabolic and Anabolic (correct)
  • Anabolic and Heterotrophic

    • Photosynthesis converts ______ energy to ______ energy.

    solar, chemical

    Cellular respiration occurs in the ______.

    <p>mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plants and animals use photosynthesis.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chlorophyll A is the most important pigment for photosynthesis.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Calvin cycle fixes one carbon per turn.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main products of the Calvin cycle produce glucose.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the light-dependent reactions, what are produced?

    <p>ATP and NADPH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the electron that leaves the reaction center of photosystem II?

    <p>It is passed to the electron acceptor. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that releases oxygen gas during photosynthesis?

    <p>Photolysis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the electron transport chain?

    <p>To create a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane, ultimately producing ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Calvin cycle needs energy from ATP and NADPH.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis?

    <p>Light, temperature, carbon dioxide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rate of photosynthesis increases linearly with increasing light intensity.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The higher the temperature, the faster the rate of photosynthesis.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cellular respiration is the reverse of photosynthesis.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process where pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA?

    <p>Krebs Cycle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule provides the electrons for the electron transport chain?

    <p>NADH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process where ATP is produced using the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

    <p>Chemiosmosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oxygen is required for the electron transport chain.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a product of aerobic cellular respiration?

    <p>Ethanol (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of fermentation?

    <p>Ethanol fermentation and Lactic acid fermentation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main products of lactic acid fermentation?

    <p>Lactic acid and ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main products of ethanol fermentation?

    <p>Ethanol and ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Autotroph

    Organism that produces its own food from inorganic materials using energy.

    Heterotroph

    Organism that cannot produce its own food and consumes other organisms for nutrition.

    Photosynthesis

    The process of converting solar energy into chemical energy stored as glucose.

    Cellular Respiration

    The process of breaking down glucose to produce ATP through a series of reactions.

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    Chloroplast

    Organelle where photosynthesis occurs, containing chlorophyll and membranes.

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    Mitochondria

    Organelle where cellular respiration occurs, producing ATP from glucose.

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    ATP

    Adenosine triphosphate, the primary energy carrier in cells.

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    Glycolysis

    First step of cellular respiration; converts glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.

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    Krebs Cycle

    Series of reactions in mitochondria that produce ATP, NADH, and FADH2 from acetyl CoA.

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    Light-Dependent Reactions

    Reactions of photosynthesis that convert light energy into chemical energy (ATP, NADPH).

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    Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

    Reactions that use ATP and NADPH to fix carbon dioxide into glucose.

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    Photolysis

    Process during photosynthesis where water is split to provide electrons and protons, producing oxygen.

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    NADH

    Reduced form of NAD+, a carrier of electrons in cellular respiration.

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    Redox Reactions

    Reactions involving oxidation (loss of electrons) and reduction (gain of electrons).

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    Fermentation

    Anaerobic process to produce ATP by converting glucose to either alcohol or lactic acid.

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    Lactate Fermentation

    Conversion of pyruvate into lactate in the absence of oxygen, producing ATP.

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    Ethanol Fermentation

    Conversion of pyruvate into ethanol and carbon dioxide by yeast and some bacteria.

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    NAD+

    Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; electron carrier that accepts electrons during glycolysis and Krebs cycle.

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    ATP Synthase

    Enzyme that produces ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate during chemiosmosis.

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    Chemiosmosis

    Process of using a proton gradient to drive ATP production in mitochondria and chloroplasts.

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    Carbon Fixation

    The conversion of inorganic CO2 into organic compounds during photosynthesis in the Calvin Cycle.

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    Glucose

    Simple sugar produced in photosynthesis; primary fuel for cellular respiration.

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    Photosystems

    Complexes of chlorophyll and proteins in thylakoids where light absorption occurs.

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    Oxygen Production

    Produced as a by-product during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

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    Limiting Factors

    Conditions that can restrict the rate of photosynthesis, such as light, temperature, and CO2.

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    Metabolic Pathways

    Series of chemical reactions in a cell that lead to the synthesis or breakdown of compounds.

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    Oxidative Phosphorylation

    Stage of cellular respiration that generates ATP using electron transport and chemiosmosis.

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    ATP Resynthesis

    The reformation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate using energy from H+ ions.

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    Decarboxylation

    Process of removing a carbon atom from a molecule; occurs during pyruvate processing.

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    Study Notes

    Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

    • Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are metabolic pathways involving matter and energy transformations.
    • Autotrophs produce their own food, while heterotrophs consume other organisms.
    • Plants are autotrophs, using light energy for photosynthesis to make glucose.
    • Cellular respiration breaks down glucose to produce ATP (energy).

    Leaf Anatomy Review

    • Leaves have a specialized structure for maximizing photosynthesis.
    • Components include the cuticle, upper epidermis, palisade mesophyll, bundle sheath cells, xylem, phloem, lower epidermis, spongy mesophyll, guard cells, and stomata.
    • Veins contain xylem and phloem.
    • Stomata allow for gas exchange (CO2 in, O2 out).

    Comparison Between Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

    • Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy stored in glucose.
    • Cellular respiration breaks down glucose to release energy in the form of ATP.
    • Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, while cellular respiration takes place in mitochondria.
    • Photosynthesis uses water and carbon dioxide, releasing oxygen. Cellular respiration uses oxygen and glucose, producing water and carbon dioxide.
    • Autotrophs carry out photosynthesis, and heterotrophs carry out cellular respiration.

    The Chloroplast

    • Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis in plant cells.
    • They consist of thylakoid membranes.
    • Stacks of thylakoids form grana.
    • The stroma is the fluid-filled space surrounding the grana.
    • The stroma contains the enzymes needed for the Calvin Cycle.

    The Mitochondria

    • Mitochondria are the sites for cellular respiration in both plant and animal cells.
    • They have two membranes: an outer and inner membrane.
    • The fluid-filled space within the inner membrane is the matrix.
    • The matrix contains the enzymes needed for the Krebs cycle.
    • The inner membrane folds into cristae, increasing the surface area for reactions.

    ATP Molecule

    • ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a crucial energy currency in cells.
    • It comprises adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.
    • Breaking the bonds between phosphate groups releases energy.
    • The resynthesis of ATP requires energy input to bond a phosphate group to ADP.

    Metabolic Pathways

    • Metabolism encompasses all the chemical reactions in a cell.
    • Anabolic pathways build larger molecules from smaller ones, requiring energy (endergonic).
    • Catabolic pathways break down larger molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy (exergonic).
    • Metabolic pathways are sequences of linked reactions.
    • Photosynthesis and cellular respiration use a series of linked steps.

    Types of Reactions

    • Redox reactions involve electron transfer between molecules.
    • Decarboxylation reactions remove CO₂ from a molecule.
    • Phosphorylation reactions add a phosphate group to a molecule.
    • Lysis reactions break down molecules.

    Oxidation and Reduction

    • Oxidation is the loss of electrons.
    • Reduction is the gain of electrons.
    • Oxidation and reduction always occur together.
    • Electrons lost through oxidation cause reduction in another substance/compound.

    Examples of Oxidation/Reduction

    • In cellular respiration, hydrogen atoms are gradually removed from glucose, representing oxidation. This process results in the reduction of oxygen to make water.

    The Chloroplast's Internal Structure

    • Chloroplasts contain thylakoids which are sac-like structures stacked into grana.
    • The stroma is the fluid-filled space around the grana which contains important enzymes needed for the Calvin Cycle.

    Photosynthesis Summary

    • Plants use light energy, water, and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen.
    • This process occurs in chloroplasts.

    Overview of Photosynthesis

    • Plants convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose and ATP).

    Photosynthetic Pigments

    • Chlorophyll A is the main photosynthetic pigment in plants. It absorbs red and blue light most effectively.
    • Accessory pigments, such as chlorophyll B and carotenoids, broaden the spectrum of light absorbed.

    Types of Pigments

    • Chlorophyll A is the primary pigment in photosynthesis.
    • Chlorophyll B absorbs light similar to chlorophyll A but in lower amounts.
    • Carotenoids are accessory pigments that absorb a broader spectrum of wavelengths.

    Absorption and Action Spectra

    • Absorption spectrum: Shows the wavelength of light absorbed by a pigment.
    • Action spectrum: Shows the effectiveness of different wavelengths of light in driving photosynthesis.
    • The absorption and action spectra of different pigments overlap.

    Steps in Photosynthesis -Light-Dependent Reactions

    • Photosynthesis occurs in two main stages: light-dependent and light-independent (Calvin Cycle).
    • Light-dependent reactions capture light energy to generate ATP and NADPH.

    Steps in Photosynthesis -Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

    • The Calvin Cycle uses ATP and NADPH to fix carbon dioxide into glucose.
    • The Calvin cycle has three primary phases: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration.

    ATP Production in Light-Dependent Reactions

    • The concentration gradient of hydrogen ions across the thylakoid membrane creates potential energy.
    • This protons energy drives ATP synthase. This enzyme uses the energy of the moving protons to produce ATP.

    What Happens During Chemiosmosis

    • H+ ions move through ATP synthase, driving the production of ATP.

    The Photosystems

    • Photosystems are protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane containing chlorophyll A and other pigments.
    • They capture light energy and transfer electrons to an electron transport chain.
    • There are two photosystems.

    Photosystems and the Electron Transport Chain Summary

    • The first photosystem transfers electrons.
    • The electron transport chain moves electrons across the thylakoid membrane building a concentration gradient of H+.

    Steps in electron transport chain

    • Electrons lose energy as they move down the electron transport chain.
    • This energy is used to pump H+ ions into the thylakoid space.

    Summary of Light Dependent Reactions

    • The goal of light-dependent reactions is to use light energy to produce ATP and NADPH.

    The Calvin Cycle (Light-Independent Reactions)

    • The Calvin Cycle fixes carbon dioxide into organic molecules.

    • Three phases: 1. Carbon Fixation, 2. Reduction, 3. Regeneration..

    • The cycle uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to produce glucose, a simple sugar, from carbon dioxide.

    The Calvin-Benson Cycle

    • The Calvin Cycle involves fixing CO, into an organic compound using Rubisco
    • The cycle spends ATP and NADPH to produce sugar. (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, G3P), an intermediate in sugar production.
      • This process will regenerate the starting molecule RuBP (ribulose biphosphate) to continue with the cycle.
    • The net synthesis of one G3P molecule necessitates three turns of the Calvin Cycle. Synthesis of glucose requires 6 CO2 molecules.

    Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

    • Limiting factors affecting photosynthesis include light intensity, temperature and carbon dioxide concentration.

    Cellular Respiration Summary

    • This process releases energy from glucose, converting it into ATP.
    • Three main stages: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation

    Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration

    • Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces a higher yield of ATP.
    • Anaerobic respiration (fermentation) occurs without oxygen and produces a lower yield of ATP. Lactate and Ethanol fermentations are common examples.

    Steps in Aerobic Cellular Respiration

    • Glycolysis. This breaks glucose into pyruvate.
    • Oxidation of pyruvate – (link reaction). This converts pyruvate to Acetyl CoA
    • Krebs Cycle – Acetyl CoA enters the cycle and generates ATP, FADH2 and NADH.
    • Oxidative Phosphorylation – NADH and FADH2 release stored energy and drives ATP production.

    Glycolysis Summary

    • Glycolysis is an anaerobic process that occurs in the cytoplasm.
    • It breaks down glucose into pyruvate.
    • It produces a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH molecules.
    • Glucose is converted into 2 pyruvates.

    Fate of Pyruvate

    • If oxygen is available, pyruvate is converted to Acetyl CoA and enters the Krebs Cycle for further ATP production.
    • Lack of oxygen results in fermentation -- producing lactate (animals) or ethanol (yeast, some bacteria).

    Krebs Cycle Summary

    • The main goal is to use the Acetyl CoA to generate ATP, FADH2, and NADH for later use to drive ATP production through the Electron Transport Chain.
    • A 4 carbon molecule combines with a 2 carbon molecule to create an intermediate (6 carbon molecule).

    Oxidative Phosphorylation and Electron Transport Chain

    • This process harnesses energy from electron carriers such as NADH and FADH2 to generate ATP during cellular respiration.

    Summary of Aerobic Cellular Respiration

    • Glycolysis, Link reaction, Krebs cycle and Oxidative phosphorylation result in the generation of 36 ATPs from one glucose molecule.

    Anaerobic Respiration/Fermentation

    • Fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen.
    • It regenerates NAD+ needed for glycolysis.
    • Two common types: lactate fermentation (in animals and some bacteria) and ethanol fermentation (in plants and yeast).

    What Carries Out Fermentation?

    • Single-celled organisms, like yeast and bacteria, often carry out fermentation.
    • Fermentation can also occur in tissues without an immediate supply of oxygen, like in submerged plant tissues.

    Lactate Fermentation

    • This process converts pyruvate into lactate when oxygen is not available.
    • It is prevalent in muscle cells during intense exercise.

    Ethanol Fermentation

    • Pyruvate is broken down into acetaldehyde which is later converted into ethanol in order to regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis.
    • This is common in yeast and certain bacteria.

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    Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration - 2025 revised PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on photosynthesis and cellular respiration, two fundamental metabolic pathways that involve energy transformations. Understand the role of autotrophs and heterotrophs, the structure of leaves, and the comparison between these two processes.

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