Phonological Awareness and Teaching Strategies

Phonological Awareness Development in Young Children

• Young children develop phonological awareness skills in a specific order, starting with word awareness, followed by alliteration and rhyme recognition, syllable recognition, rhyming ability, and finally, phoneme awareness.

Locus of Control

• Individuals with strong internal locus of control believe their life events are mainly a result of their own actions.

Phonemes and Phoneme Awareness

• Phonemes are the individual sounds in spoken language.
• Phoneme awareness is the ability to hear and manipulate these individual sounds.

Reciprocal Teaching Strategies

• Reciprocal teaching uses four strategies: summarizing, questioning, clarifying, and predicting.

Text Evaluation Scale

• An effective text evaluation scale helps assess organization, conciseness, and clarity.

Lexical Semantics

• Lexical semantics studies word meanings and usage, focusing on the nuances within context.

Story Comprehension Elements

• To comprehend a story, students need to understand characters, plot, and setting.

Analogy Phonics

• Analogy phonics helps students connect letter groups with sounds through rhyming (e.g., bat, cat, hat, pat).

Fluency Improvement

• Improving phrase boundaries enhances fluency.

Maturational Theory of Reading Readiness

• Maturational theory identifies reading readiness through testing.

Schema Theory in Literacy

• Schema theory emphasizes the role of prior knowledge and experience in literacy learning.

Conceptual Semantics

• Conceptual semantics refers to the dictionary definition of words.

Social Constructivist Theory and Literacy Development

• Social constructivist theory posits that children learn through mimicking adult behaviors.

Aural Comprehension

• Aural comprehension involves interpreting and repeating what's heard.

Diphthongs

• Diphthongs are vowel combinations forming a single sound.

Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processing

• Top-down processing involves understanding the overall concept first, then breaking it down.
• Bottom-up processing involves building up from foundational elements to a larger concept.

Emergent Literacy Theory (Marie Clay)

• Emergent literacy development occurs from birth to first grade.

Morphemes vs. Syllables

• Morphemes are the smallest meaningful units (e.g., "blanket," "s").
• Syllables are larger units (e.g., "blank," "ets").

Alphabetic Principle

• The alphabetic principle applies to various languages, showing the connection between letters and sounds.

Syllabication

• Syllabication breaks words into parts, each containing a vowel sound.

Phonological Awareness

• Phonological awareness encompasses various sound-related abilities in spoken language.

Phonics Instruction

• Phonics is an instructional strategy focusing on letter and letter group sounds.

Maturationalist Theory of Reading Development

• Maturationalist theory suggests reading development follows cognitive skill maturation; learning cannot be sped up.

Irregular Words (Sight Words)

• Irregular words, not following phonetic patterns, are often taught as sight words.

Print Awareness

• Print awareness is the understanding of the connection between written and spoken language.

Banking Awareness

• Banking awareness development happens between 3 and 6 months.

Reading Speed for Memorization and Note-Taking

• Reading speed should be slowed when memorizing and normal when taking notes.

Alphabetic Principle Knowledge

• Knowledge of alphabetic principle includes students understanding letters have names and represent sounds (e.g., "c" makes the /k/ sound).

Whole Language Approach (WLA)

• Whole language approach (WLA) is a literacy instructional approach.

Almanacs

• Almanacs provide statistical information about various subjects (e.g., sports).

Letter Identification Ages

• Identifying letters is appropriate for preschoolers.

Word Families

• Word families share the same ending letter patterns.

Encoding Process

• Encoding involves recognizing a word's sounds before spelling.

Sight Word Teaching Methods

• Sight words can be taught using letter cards or blocks.

Hyphens in Compound Words

• Hyphens connect two words modifying a noun, like "long-term."

Dictation

• Dictation involves students listening to and writing words or sentences.

English Speech Sounds

• There are 44 sounds in the English language.

Homographs and Homophones

• Homographs are words with the same spelling but different meanings (e.g., "lead" and "lead").
• Homophones are words with similar sounds but different meanings (e.g., "two," "too,").

Syllogisms

• Syllogisms are forms of educated guesses using evidence for logical reasoning.

Rhyme Creation Age

• Children typically create rhymes around age 5.

Rhyming Manipulation

• Children around 5 1/2 can identify and reproduce rhyming words.

Visualizing Assessment

• Assessing visualization involves having students draw their visualizations.

Loco Parentis

• Loco parentis means "in place of a parent."

Quid Pro Quo

• Quid pro quo is an agreement of "something for something."

Ad Nauseam

• Ad nauseam means "to excess."

Synthetic Phonics

• Synthetic phonics combines individual sounds to form new words.

Letter Sound Hunts

• Letter sound hunts involve finding objects starting with a target letter.

Word Awareness

• Word awareness is the initial phonological skill in children's development.

Allophones

• Allophones are variations in pronunciation of phonemes without affecting word meaning.

Consonant Blends and Digraphs

• Consonant blends involve distinct consonant sounds (e.g., bl in block).
• Consonant digraphs combine consonants to form a single sound (e.g., sh in ship).

Syntax

• Syntax rules dictate sentence word order for comprehension.

Rhyme and Alliteration Ages

• Children understand rhyme and alliteration generally by age 4.

Letter Knowledge

• Letter knowledge involves identifying letters within words and individually.

Phrase Boundaries and Fluency

• Phrase boundaries break texts into chunks for improved fluency.

Phonological Recoding

• Phonological recoding applies letter/sound knowledge to reading and spelling.

French and Latin Terms

• French terms: à la carte, bon voyage, RSVP.
• Latin terms: cum laude.

Phonetics vs. Phonology

• Phonetics studies individual sounds, while phonology examines how sounds combine into words and phrases.

Phonological Recording

• Phonological recording involves applying sound and letter combinations to writing, spelling, and reading.

Comprehension and Interpretation

• Comprehension is basic understanding, while interpretation involves deeper analysis.

Text Connections

• Connecting texts typically starts with author viewpoint connections.

Phonemic Awareness Assessment

• When assessing phonemic awareness, a teacher should include activities like asking the student to identify middle sounds in a word like "sat.”

Comprehension Levels

• Three levels of comprehension exist: literal, inferential, and evaluative.

Phonemic Awareness Definition

• Phonemic awareness is the ability to hear and manipulate individual speech sounds.

Reciprocal Teaching Focus

• Reciprocal teaching helps students stay focused and think critically by having discussions and teaching each other.

Phonological Development Skills

• Five skills for phonological development include word awareness, alliteration/rhyme understanding, syllable awareness, rhyming, and phoneme awareness.

Emergent Literacy Theory Components

• Emergent literacy theory covers literacy from birth to first grade.

Social Constructivist Theory (in literacy)

• Children learn by mimicking.

Cultural Bias Theory (in literacy context)

• This theory isn't given in the text.

Maturationalist Theory (in literacy context)

• Reading development is tied to cognitive milestones; learning pace is determined by child's skills.

Aural Comprehension Definition

• Repeating what's heard is aural comprehension.

Anticipation Guide

• An anticipation guide helps gauge prior knowledge by having students predict what they'll learn.

This quiz explores key concepts in phonological awareness, phoneme manipulation, and reciprocal teaching strategies. It also covers the development of young children's literacy skills and the evaluation of text clarity. Engage with various topics to deepen your understanding of language development and teaching methodologies.