biochem 1

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of biochemistry?

The physics of cellular processes

The study of chemical compounds in living organisms (correct)

The historical development of chemical theories

Chemical reactions in non-living systems

Which of the following learning outcomes is NOT related to biochemistry?

Identify the chemical reactions of non-living systems (correct)

Describe the development of biochemistry

Discuss the function of organelles in a cell

Explain the importance of biochemistry in daily lives

Who is regarded as the father of modern biochemistry?

Hermann Emil Fischer

Francois Jacob

James Watson

Carl Alexander Neuberg (correct)

Which of the following advancements is associated with the study of biochemistry?

Advanced biotechnology industries Signup and view all the answers

In terms of bioenergetics, what does the study primarily focus on?

Energy flow in cells Signup and view all the answers

Which significant biochemical discovery was made in 1937?

The Citric Acid Cycle Signup and view all the answers

Which key element is essential for understanding life on a molecular level in biochemistry?

Understanding of chemical structures of biological molecules Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the major roles of nucleic acids as described in biochemistry?

Functioning as information molecules Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ribosomes in the cell?

Protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for breaking down proteins and membranes?

Lysosomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary composition of the cell wall in plant cells?

Cellulose Signup and view all the answers

Which group of elements makes up over 99% of the atoms in the human body?

Oxygen, Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond can carbon atoms form with other carbon atoms?

Single, double, and triple bonds Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of biomolecule monomer?

Polysaccharides Signup and view all the answers

What role do functional groups play in biomolecules?

They determine the chemical properties and diversity Signup and view all the answers

How do monomers form polymers?

Through covalent bonding Signup and view all the answers

What significant discovery earned Watson and Crick the Nobel Prize in Physiology in Medicine in 1953?

Discovery of the DNA Double Helix Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is true for prokaryotic cells?

They are unicellular organisms Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the plasma membrane in a cell?

To act as the cell's defining boundary Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is primarily responsible for energy production in a cell?

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

What describes eukaryotic cells best?

They contain specialized organelles Signup and view all the answers

Where does DNA replication and RNA synthesis occur in a cell?

Nucleus Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

To package and transport proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding prokaryotic cells?

They typically have one circular chromosome Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of carbohydrates inside cells?

Major energy source Signup and view all the answers

Which biomolecule is responsible for forming biological membranes?

Lipids Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about proteins is NOT true?

They are the primary energy source for cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of DNA?

Double helix Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT a function of lipids?

Providing structure to cells Signup and view all the answers

What role does RNA play in cells?

Working form of genetic information Signup and view all the answers

What type of biomolecule do nucleotides compose?

Nucleic Acids Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of lipids explains their inability to dissolve in water?

Hydrophobic nature Signup and view all the answers

What role does biochemistry play in understanding drug stability?

It provides insights into drug chances of degradation with varying temperature. Signup and view all the answers

In what way does biochemistry contribute to the field of nutrition?

It provides information on the role of vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients in health. Signup and view all the answers

How does biochemistry aid in the field of medicine regarding hormonal deficiencies?

By detailing the formation and function of hormones in the body. Signup and view all the answers

What does biochemistry reveal about the metabolism of drugs?

It studies how drug molecules are transformed by enzymatic reactions. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of biochemistry is important for understanding the physiological changes in the body?

The analysis of biochemical changes related to physiological alterations. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant biochemical process that occurs in plants?

Photosynthesis and its synthesis of carbohydrates. Signup and view all the answers

What does the study of plant secondary metabolites in biochemistry involve?

It examines how compounds like tannins and enzymes are formed in plants. Signup and view all the answers

In which aspect does biochemistry play a role in addressing diabetes?

By advising on the limitation of certain food types, like excess sugar. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Course Information

Course name: PHM 10202 Biochemistry
Lecture: 1 Introduction to Biochemistry Components
Lecturer: Dr. Norsyafikah Asyilla Nordin
University: UniSZA (Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin)

Course Assessment Plan

Continuous Assessment (CONASS): 40%
- Test (MCQ): 10%
- Test (SEQ): 10%
- Lab Report: 20%
Final Assessment (FINASS): 60%
- Final Exam: 60% (MCQ, SEQ, LEQ)
2 credit: 70%
3 credit: 100%

Course Schedule

Week 1 (10/10/24): Lecture 1 - Introduction to Biochemistry Components - Dr. Asyilla
Week 2 (17/10/24): Lecture 2 - Water as a universal solvent - Dr. Asyilla
Week 2 (23/10/24): Lecture 3 - Enzymes - Dr. Asyilla
Week 3 (24/10/24): Practical 1 - Enzyme kinetics - Dr. Asyilla, Practical 2 - Total protein determination - Dr. Asyilla
Week 3 (31/10/24): Deepavali Public Holiday
Week 4 (06/11/24): Practical 3 - Quantitative analysis of carbohydrate - Dr. Nasyriq
Week 4 (07/11/24): Lecture 4 - Protein (Part 1) - Dr. Asyilla
Week 5 (13/11/24): Practical 4 - Quantitative analysis of lipid - Dr. Nasyriq
Week 5 (14/11/24): Lecture 4 - Protein (Part 2) - Dr. Asyilla
(21/11/24): Test 1 - Dr. Asyilla
Week 6 (05/12/24): Lecture 5 - Membrane transport - Dr. Asyilla
Week 6, 7, 8 (24/11-30/11/2024): Mid Semester Break
Week 9 (12/12/24): Lecture 6 - Carbohydrate (Part 1) - Dr. Nasyriq
Week 10 (19/12/24): Lecture 6 - Carbohydrate (Part 2) - Dr. Nasyriq
Week 11 (26/12/24): Lecture 7 - Lipid (Part 1) - Dr. Nasyriq
Week 12 (2/01/25): Lecture 7 - Lipid (Part 2), Lecture 8 - Metabolism and drug delivery - Dr. Nasyriq
Week 13 (09/01/25): Test 2 - Dr. Nasyriq
Week 14 (16/01/25): KeLIP Activity
Study Week (17 - 26/01/25)
Final Examination (02/02 - 20/02/25)
Schedule subject to change

Learning Outcomes

Understand the principle of biochemistry
Describe the development of biochemistry
Discuss the function of organelles in cells
Discuss the classes and functions of biomolecules
Explain the importance of biochemistry in daily lives

Biochemistry

Special branch of chemistry dealing with chemical compounds in living organisms
Study of life at molecular level
Chemistry of living cells

Why Study Biochemistry?

Fundamental understanding of life
Understanding issues in medicine, health, and nutrition
Deeper molecular understanding of diseases (diabetes, sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis)
Advanced biotechnology industries

Biochemistry Focus

Structure, organization, and function of living organisms at the molecular level
Understanding life at the molecular level: knowledge of chemical structures of biological molecules, understanding biological functions of molecules, understanding bioenergetics (energy flow in cells)

History of Biochemistry

Carl Alexander Neuberg (July 1877 – May 1956):
- Early pioneer, father of modern biochemistry
- International recognition for elucidating biochemical reactions of alcoholic fermentation

Notable Breakthroughs

Enzymes as catalysts
Nucleic acids as information molecules

Some Historic Events

1937 - Krebs for the discovery of the Citric Acid Cycle (Noble Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953)
1953 - Watson and Crick for the discovery of the DNA Double Helix (Noble Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962)

Cells

Basic building blocks of life
Smallest living unit of an organism (unicellular or multicellular)
Grow, reproduce, use energy, adapt, and respond to their environment

Prokaryotes

Unicellular
One cellular membrane
Cytoplasm

Eukaryotes

Multicellular
Specialized cellular parts called organelles

Characteristics of Bio-membranes and Organelles

Outer and inner membranes, lumen, stroma, etc.

Cell Components (Organelles)

Plasma membrane
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
Ribosomes
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Lysosomes
Cytoplasm
Chloroplast
Cell wall
Central vacuole

Biomolecules

H, O, C, and N make up 99+% of atoms in the human body & most cells (with proportions)
Backbone of biomolecules are these elements, forming strong covalent bonds.
Chemical reactions are essentially the same, whether occurring inside or outside cells.

Biomolecules are Carbon Compounds

C atoms form single, double, and triple bonds.
Single C-atom forms single bonds with up to four other C-atoms.
Covalently linked atoms form linear, branched, and cyclic structures.
Functional groups attached to C backbone determine chemical properties & diversity of biomolecules.

Types of Biomolecules

Small molecules (lipid, phospholipid, glycolipid, sterol, vitamin, hormone, neurotransmitter, carbohydrate, sugar, amino acids, nucleotides, monosaccharides)
Polymers (peptides, polypeptides, proteins, nucleic acids (RNA, DNA), oligosaccharides, polysaccharides)

How Monomers Form Polymers

Condensation (dehydration synthesis): water removed, monomers combined.

Major Classes of Biomolecules

Carbohydrates (composed of C, H, and O):
- Sugars
- Major energy source, structure, communication, cell adhesion, and defense.
Proteins (composed of amino acids):
- Structural components, cell components, cell membranes, transport, catalytic enzymes, maintaining cell contact, signaling via hormones.
Lipids (diverse group including fats, oils, waxes, and steroid hormones):
- Hydrophobic
- Form biological membranes, energy storage, protection, regulating cell activity.
Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA):
- Information needed for controlling cellular processes and building cells.
- DNA: double helix, storage of genetic information in the nucleus.
- RNA: typically single stranded, working form of info, copied from DNA.

Importance of Biochemistry

Pharmacy: drug constitution, degradation, half-life, drug storage, drug metabolism
Medicine: physiology, pathology, nutrition deficiency, hormonal deficiency.
Nutrition: food chemistry, nutrients, and their roles, limit usage of food and nutrients for certain diseases.
Plants: photosynthesis, respiration, secondary metabolites.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your understanding of the foundational components of biochemistry with this quiz. Based on Lecture 1, it covers introductory concepts crucial for your studies. Prepare to explore the role of biochemistry in various biological processes.