Carbohydrates and Their Components
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Questions and Answers

Which one of these is a function of triglycerides?

  • Protection (correct)
  • Transport
  • Regulation
  • Structure

    • Which one of these is a characteristic of enzymes?

  • Inefficient
  • Non-specific
  • Highly specific (correct)
  • Not subject to cellular controls

    • Which one of these is a difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

  • Saturated fatty acids are hydrophobic, while unsaturated fatty acids are hydrophilic
  • Saturated fatty acids have single covalent bonds, while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds (correct)
  • Saturated fatty acids are hydrophilic, while unsaturated fatty acids are hydrophobic
  • Saturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds, while unsaturated fatty acids have single covalent bonds

    • Why are phospholipids an important part of cell membranes?

    <p>Their shape provides great strength for the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the levels of structural organization of proteins?

    <p>Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

    <p>DNA regulates most of the cell's activities, while RNA guides protein formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the correct definition of an atom?

    <p>The smallest unit of matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements make up the majority of the human body?

    <p>Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the atomic number?

    <p>The number of protons in the atom nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an ion?

    <p>An atom that has lost or gained an electron resulting in a positive or negative charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a molecule?

    <p>2 or more atoms sharing electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a valence shell?

    <p>The outermost electron shell of an atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a chemical bond?

    <p>A chemical bond occurs when atoms are held together by forces of attraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an ionic bond?

    <p>Atoms shedding/accepting electrons to attract them together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Law of Conservation of Mass?

    <p>Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of energy?

    <p>Potential, kinetic, and chemical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a catalyst?

    <p>Chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five types of chemical reactions?

    <p>Synthesis, decomposition, exchange, reversible, and oxidation-reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between organic and inorganic compounds?

    <p>Organic compounds always contain carbon, while inorganic compounds lack carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is water’s thermal properties?

    <p>Water has high heat capacity and high heat of vaporization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Nitrogen base is found in RNA but not in DNA?

    <p>Uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sugar is found in RNA but not in DNA?

    <p>Ribose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of mRNA?

    <p>Encodes proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of tRNA?

    <p>Carries genetic code &amp; assists in making protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of rRNA?

    <p>Self-replicating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a mutation?

    <p>A change that occurs in the base sequence of a DNA strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can a mutation cause?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is ATP?

    <p>An energy storing molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is ATP created?

    <p>Via cellular respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic principles of Chemistry?

    <p>Chemistry is the study of the behavior and properties of matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the three forms in which matter exists?

    <p>Plasma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements does NOT make up a major part of the human body?

    <p>Nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of an atom?

    <p>Photons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the atomic number represent?

    <p>Number of protons in the atom nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the mass number represent?

    <p>Number of neutrons in the atom nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an isotope?

    <p>Atoms with the same number of protons and neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of these is a function of carbohydrates?

    <p>Structural - Give structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of these is a function of lipids?

    <p>Regulatory - Regulate processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

    <p>Saturated fatty acids have only single bonds, while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are phospholipids an important part of cell membranes?

    <p>They are polar and interact with water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the functions of proteins?

    <p>Catalytic - Serve as enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are proteins made up of?

    <p>Amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two shapes that proteins can have?

    <p>Fibrous and globular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of the following is a characteristic of an ionic bond?

    <p>Atoms shed/accept electrons giving them a positive or negative charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Law of Conservation of Energy?

    <p>Energy can be converted from one form to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a catalyst?

    <p>Catalysts speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between hydrolysis and dehydration?

    <p>Hydrolysis is the addition of water to break bonds, while dehydration is the removal of water to make bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates that a substance is an acid?

    <p>Hydrogen ions and anions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    On the pH scale, which numbers are acidic, neutral, and basic?

    <p>Acidic: 1-6, Neutral: 7, Basic: 8-14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a buffer system?

    <p>A system that maintains body fluid homeostasis by converting strong acids and bases into weaker ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nitrogen base is found in RNA but not in DNA?

    <p>Uracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hydrolysis?

    <p>The breakdown of ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cellular respiration?

    <p>The process of breaking down glucose into pyruvic acid and ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two phases of cellular respiration?

    <p>Anaerobic and aerobic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is ATP made up of?

    <p>Adenine, ribose, and phosphate groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the enzyme for ATP?

    <p>ATPase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a mutation?

    <p>The change that occurs in the base sequence of a DNA strand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can a mutation cause?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is ATP?

    <p>An energy-storing molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biomolecules

    • Triglycerides function as an energy source for the body.
    • Enzymes are characterized by their high specificity and ability to speed up chemical reactions.
    • Saturated fatty acids have single bonds, while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds.
    • Phospholipids are important components of cell membranes due to their amphipathic nature, having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends.

    Proteins

    • The levels of structural organization of proteins are primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.
    • Proteins are made up of amino acids.
    • They can have two shapes: globular and fibrous.
    • Functions of proteins include catalysis, regulation, transport, and structural roles.

    Nucleic Acids

    • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) differ in their sugar molecules, with DNA containing deoxyribose and RNA containing ribose.
    • Uracil is found in RNA but not in DNA.
    • Ribose is found in RNA but not in DNA.
    • mRNA (messenger RNA) carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome.
    • tRNA (transfer RNA) brings amino acids to the ribosome.
    • rRNA (ribosomal RNA) makes up a large part of the ribosome.

    Chemistry Fundamentals

    • An atom is the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.
    • The majority of the human body is composed of oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen.
    • Atomic number represents the number of protons in an atom's nucleus.
    • Mass number represents the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus.
    • An ion is an atom or group of atoms with a net electric charge.
    • A molecule is a group of atoms bonded together.
    • Valence shell is the outermost energy level of an atom.
    • A chemical bond is the attractive force between atoms that holds them together.

    Chemical Reactions and Energy

    • Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons between atoms.
    • The Law of Conservation of Mass states that matter cannot be created or destroyed, only converted.
    • The three types of energy are kinetic, potential, and thermal.
    • A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed.
    • The five types of chemical reactions are synthesis, decomposition, substitution, acid-base, and oxidation-reduction.
    • Organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen, while inorganic compounds do not.
    • Water has high thermal properties due to its high specific heat capacity.

    ATP and Cellular Respiration

    • ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a molecule that provides energy for cellular processes.
    • ATP is created through cellular respiration, which involves the breakdown of glucose to produce energy.
    • The two phases of cellular respiration are glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
    • ATP is made up of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.
    • The enzyme for ATP is ATP synthase.

    Mutations and Acid-Base Chemistry

    • A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of an organism.
    • Mutations can cause changes in the structure and function of proteins.
    • Hydrolysis is the reaction of a molecule with water, resulting in the breakdown of the molecule.
    • Dehydration is the reverse of hydrolysis, where a molecule loses water to form a new compound.
    • A substance is an acid if it donates a proton (H+).
    • On the pH scale, acidic numbers are below 7, neutral is 7, and basic numbers are above 7.
    • A buffer system is a solution that resists changes in pH.

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    Test your knowledge of carbohydrates and their components with this quiz! Learn about monosaccharides like glucose and fructose, disaccharides like sucrose and lactose, and the hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts of carbohydrates. Challenge yourself and see how well you know these vital molecules.

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