Lecture Notes: Introduction to Biochemistry Components - PDF

PHM 10202 BIOCHEMISTRY LECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMISTRY COMPONENTS By: ChM. Dr. Norsyafikah Asyilla Nordin Course Assessment Plan 2 ASSESSMENT PERCENTAGE (%) Con...

PHM 10202 BIOCHEMISTRY LECTURE 1 INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMISTRY COMPONENTS By: ChM. Dr. Norsyafikah Asyilla Nordin Course Assessment Plan 2 ASSESSMENT PERCENTAGE (%) Continuous Assessment (CONASS) – 40% Test (MCQ) 10 Test (SEQ) 10 Lab Report 20 Final Assessment (FINASS) - 60% Final Exam 60  3 Course Schedule Learning Outcomes 4 Understand the principle of biochemistry Describe the development of biochemistry Discuss the function of organelles in cell Discuss the classes and functions of biomolecules Explain the importance of biochemistry in daily lives  Biochemistry Special branch of chemistry that deals with chemical compounds found in living organism Study of life on a molecular level Chemistry of living cell Biochemistry = chemistry of life 5  Why should you study biochemistry? Leads to fundamental understanding of life Understand important issues in medicine, health and nutrition Led to greater molecular understanding of diseases; diabetes, sickle cell anemia and cystic fibrosis Advanced biotechnology industries 6 Biochemistry seeks to describe the structure, organization and function of living organisms in molecular terms To understand life on the molecular level: Knowledge of the chemical structures of the biological molecules Understanding of the biological function of the molecules Understanding of bioenergetics – the study of energy flow in cells 7  History and development of Biochemistry Carl Alexander Neuberg (July 1877 – May 1956) ▪ An early pioneer in biochemistry ▪ Father of modern biochemistry ▪ Gained international recognition through his elucidation of the biochemical reactions of alcoholic fermentation 8  Notable breakthrough Discovery of the role of enzymes as catalysts Identification of nucleic acids as information molecules 9  Some historic events 1937 – Krebs for the discovery of the Citric Acid Cycle. Won the Noble Prize in Physiology in Medicine in 1953 1953 – Watson and Crick for the discovery of the DNA Double Helix. Won the Noble Prize in Physiology in Medicine in 1962 10  Cells Basic building blocks of life Smallest living unit of an organism A cell may be an entire organism (unicellular) or it may be one of billions of cells that make up the organism (multicellular) Grow, reproduce, use energy, adapt, respond to their environment 11  Prokaryotes - Bacteria Simplest Living System Prokaryotes are unicellular Generally have one cellular membrane The interior is known as the cytoplasm 12  Eukaryotes Eukaryotes are multicellular Organelles: specialized cellular part that has a specific function 13 14  Characteristics of Bio-membranes and Organelles 15  Cell’s defining boundary Plasma membrane Providing a barrier, containing transport and signaling system Cell’s information center Double membrane surrounding the Nucleus chromosomes and the nucleolus. The place where all DNA replication and RNA synthesis occur. The nucleolus is the site for synthesis of RNA making up the ribosome The power generators Surrounded by a double membrane with a Mitochondria series of folds called cristae. Functions in energy production through metabolism. Contains its own DNA A series of stacked membranes. Vesicles carry materials from the Rough endoplasmic Golgi apparatus reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. The proteins are processed to a mature form 16  Protein and RNA complex responsible for Ribosomes protein synthesis Covered with ribosomes (causing the rough Rough endoplasmic appearance) which are in the process of reticulum synthesizing proteins Smooth endoplasmic A site for synthesis and metabolism of lipids reticulum Contain digestive enzyme Lysosomes A membrane bound organelle that is responsible for degrading proteins and membranes in the cell 17  Enclosed by the plasma membrane, liquid Cytoplasm portion called cytosol and it houses the membranous organelles Site of photosynthesis in green plants and Chloroplast algae; has its own DNA Cell wall Rigid exterior layer of plant cells Central vacuole Membrane-bounded sac (plant cells) 18  Biomolecules H, O, C and N make up 99+% of atoms in the human body and the mass in most cells ELEMENT PERCENTAGE % Oxygen 63 Hydrogen 25.3 Carbon 9.5 Nitrogen 1.4 These elements are the backbone of biomolecules because they are capable of forming strong covalent bonds Chemical reactions that occur inside the cell are the same that occur outside the cell 19  Biomolecules are Carbon Compounds or Organic Compounds C atoms can from single, double and triple bonds A single C atom can form single bonds with up to four other C atoms Covalently linked C atoms can form linear chains, branched chains and cyclic structures (covalent bond) Functional Groups - Groups of other atoms that are attached to the C backbone, Determine the chemical properties / diversity of the biomolecules 20 21  Types of Biomolecules Small molecules Lipid, phospholipid, glycolipid, sterol Vitamin Hormon, neutrotransmitter Carbohydrate, sugar Monomers Amino acids Nucleotides Monosaccharides Polymers Peptides, polypeptides, proteins Nucleic acids (RNA, DNA) Oligosaccharides, polysaccharides 22  How do monomers form polymers? In condensation reactions (dehydration synthesis), a molecule of water is removed from two monomers which then connected together 23  Major Classes of Biomolecules Carbohydrates ▪ Carbohydrates are comprised of C, H and O ▪ Sugars are common carbohydrates ▪ Carbohydrates serve several functions inside cells: Major energy source/Provide structure/Communication/Cell adhesion/Defense against and removal of foreign material Proteins ▪ Proteins are comprised of amino acids ▪ Proteins serve several functions inside living things: Structure of hair, muscle, nails, cell components, and cell membranes/Cell transport/Biological catalysts or enzymes/ Maintaining cell contact/Control cell activity/Signaling via hormones 24  Lipids ▪ A wide variety of biomolecules including fats, oils, waxes and steroid hormones ▪ Lipids do not dissolve in water (hydrophobic) and are primarily comprised of C, H and O ▪ Lipids serve several functions in living things: Form biological membranes Fats may be stored as a source of energy Oils and waxes provide protection by coating areas that could be invaded by microbes (i.e. skin or ears) Steroid hormones regulate cell activity by altering gene expression 25  Nucleic Acids ▪ All of the information needed to control and build cells is stored in these molecules. ▪ Nucleic acids are comprised of nucleotides which are abbreviated A, C, G, T, and U. ▪ There are two main types of nucleic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA): DNA - double helix structure comprised of nucleotides A, C, G, and T, located in the nucleus of the cell, the storage form of genetic information. RNA - typically single stranded and comprised of nucleotides A, G, C, and U, copied from DNA and is the working form of the information, made in the nucleus and mRNA is exported to the cytosol. 26 27  Medicine Nutrition Pharmacy Importance of Biochemistry Plants Marine Agriculture 28 Importance of Biochemistry in Pharmacy Drug Constitution Drug chances of degradation with varying temperature etc. How modification in the medicinal chemistry helps improve efficiency, minimize side effects etc. Half life and Drug storage To know drug stability when kept at different temperature Drug metabolism How drug molecules are metabolized by many biochemical reactions in presence of enzymes 29 Importance of Biochemistry in Medicine Physiology help to understand the biochemical changes and related physiological alteration in the body Pathology the physician can get a clue on the biochemical change and the associated disorder Nutrition deficiency To describe the function and role of vitamin in the body Hormonal deficiency To understand the formation and role of hormones in the normal body function 30  Importance of Biochemistry in Nutrition Food chemistry gives information of components such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, etc. and also the possible physiological alteration due to their deficiency The role of nutrients to know the importance of vitamins, minerals, essential fatty acids, their contribution to health The physician can prescribe to limit usage of certain food like excess sugar for diabetics, excess oil for heart & lung problem prone patients, etc. 31 Importance of Biochemistry in Plants Photosynthesis Describes how carbohydrates are synthesized by use of sunlight, CO2 and water in the green leaves of plants Respiration Plants leave out O2 while taking up CO2 from the air. Air is used to generate energy in a cell like that of animal cells Plants secondary metabolites Describes how the plant products like gums, tannins, alkaloids, resins, enzymes, phytohormones are formed inside the plants Other functions Describes how plants fruits get ripened, how to plant seed germinates, the respiration process inside the plant cell etc. 32 33