Philosophy Week 1: Volition and Freedom

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Questions and Answers

What role does self-disclosure play in relationships?

It is only necessary in the early stages of a relationship.

It causes misunderstandings among partners.

It leads to increased trust and growth over time. (correct)

It creates distance between partners.

Why is respect and acceptance crucial in a relationship?

It leads to better financial planning.

It must be maintained despite negative information shared. (correct)

It allows partners to openly criticize each other.

It is only important in public spaces.

What is essential for enhancing attributions in relationships?

Avoiding conversations about behavior changes.

Creating positive attributions and explanations for behaviors. (correct)

Focusing solely on past grievances.

Making negative assumptions about each other's behavior.

What undermines the quality of a relationship, regardless of one person's efforts?

The absence of a matching response from the partner. Signup and view all the answers

What does stratification in a social system refer to?

The division of society into distinct layers. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes pre-industrial societies?

Limited forms of production and social organization. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of society is considered the simplest?

Hunting and gathering societies. Signup and view all the answers

What defines an egalitarian society?

A belief in the equality of rights and opportunities for all. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'volition' refer to?

The act of making a choice or decision. Signup and view all the answers

How does Aristotle describe the relationship between action and consequences?

All actions have consequences. Signup and view all the answers

According to the context, what is essential for the power of volition to manifest?

Intellect guiding and enlightening will. Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher combines faith with philosophical principles?

St. Thomas Aquinas Signup and view all the answers

What does freedom encompass according to the provided definitions?

The power to act, think, or speak without hindrance while respecting others' freedoms. Signup and view all the answers

What unique ability do humans possess according to St. Thomas Aquinas?

The capacity to change themselves and the environment for the better. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best represents the notion of spiritual freedom as articulated in the content?

Humans are material and spiritual beings with a conscience due to their spirituality. Signup and view all the answers

What does the phrase 'God is Love and Love is our destiny' imply?

Achieving love should be the primary goal of human existence. Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the shared awareness and understanding among persons?

Intersubjectivity Signup and view all the answers

Which relationship type is characterized by mutual and reciprocal connections?

I-THOU Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'I-IT' refer to in interpersonal relationships?

Deep isolation Signup and view all the answers

According to Wojtyla, how does he define a human being?

As a conscious acting individual Signup and view all the answers

What does Aristotle argue about the nature of man in society?

Man is fundamentally a social creature. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'reciprocity' in social relations?

Exchanging benefits with others Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a communal aspect of social relationships?

Shared resources Signup and view all the answers

What does 'cultivating' refer to in the context of social relationships?

Developing affection and understanding Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of the swift technological evolution in industrial societies?

Overproduction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of an educational society?

To transfer knowledge or information Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the process of gradual decline of the human body?

Senescence Signup and view all the answers

What is grief primarily characterized by?

A multitude of emotions including sadness and anger Signup and view all the answers

How is 'eternal oblivion' defined in the context of death?

The complete erasure of consciousness upon death Signup and view all the answers

What changes are commonly associated with senescence?

Gradual loss of senses and increased frailty Signup and view all the answers

What is the lifespan of an organism?

The time an organism remains functional Signup and view all the answers

What emotions are often involved in the experience of grief?

Sadness, anxiety, anger, and guilt Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'sovereign' refer to in the context provided?

Supreme power or authority Signup and view all the answers

Which two parts does Rousseau propose should divide the political aspects of society?

Sovereign and government Signup and view all the answers

What does B.F. Skinner mean by the term 'radical behaviorism'?

The view that free will is an illusion Signup and view all the answers

According to the information provided, what does 'intersubjectivity' refer to?

The shared awareness and understanding among persons Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of punishment and reward in Skinner's behaviorism theory?

To condition human action Signup and view all the answers

How does Rousseau believe the state originates?

From a social contract freely entered into by its members Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of 'intrapersonal' as used in the provided content?

Taking place within one person's self or mind Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements aligns with the concept of 'morality' as described?

A set of rules governing behavior accepted by rational people, based on mutual conditions Signup and view all the answers

What stage of grief involves the dying person expressing disbelief regarding their situation?

Denial Signup and view all the answers

Which philosopher emphasized the idea of living authentically and creating one's own values?

Nietzsche Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Kubler-Ross's stages of grief, what does the stage of 'Acceptance' signify?

The person comes to terms with their mortality. Signup and view all the answers

What does Socrates believe is necessary for a person to achieve happiness?

Living a virtuous life Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stages in Kubler-Ross's model of grief signifies intense sadness and disinterest in life?

Depression Signup and view all the answers

According to Nietzsche, what is a key requirement for humans to realize their full potential?

Embracing creativity and taking risks Signup and view all the answers

What does Nietzsche believe about existence and morality?

Personal choices should not be constrained by morality. Signup and view all the answers

What does Socrates imply about knowledge and virtue?

True knowledge is synonymous with living virtuously. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Week 1

Volition: An act of choosing or decision-making.
Classification: Categorizing something based on shared qualities.
Love: Deep affection.
Action: The process of doing something, usually to achieve a goal.
Reason: Cause or justification for an action or event.
St. Thomas Aquinas: A philosopher and theologian, influential in medieval times.
Love as Freedom: Human beings have the unique ability to improve themselves and the world around them.
Freedom (Definition): The power or right to act, speak, or think without restraint.
Aristotle's View: All actions have consequences.
Reason and Will: Reason guides and the will enacts. Without reason, there's no will.
Human beings are rational: Reason is a defining characteristic of human beings.
Reason, will, and action influence each other: These elements are interconnected.

St. Thomas Aquinas: Spiritual Freedom

Eternal Law: God's plan for the universe (unknown to humans).
Divine Law: God's revealed law, found in scriptures.
Natural Law: Inner sense that good is to be done and evil is to be avoided; aligns with human nature.
Human Law: Everyday rules; governs daily life.
God's Existence: God is the first cause of creation.
Human Power to Change: Humans have the unique power to change themselves and the things around them.
Conscience: Humans are both material and spiritual; having a conscience is rooted in the spiritual aspect of humankind.
God is Love: God is love and humans are guided and destined to love.

Week 2

Existentialism: Philosophy emphasizing individual freedom and responsibility.
Behaviorism: Human and animal behaviour explained by conditioning.
Freedom (Definition): Power or right to act, speak, or think without interference.
Sovereign: Supreme power or authority.
Social Contract Theory: Agreement among individuals to cooperate.
Thomas Hobbes: English philosopher known for the social contract theory and believing monarchy is the best government.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Philosopher known for the social contract theory and believing in democracy.
Jean-Paul Sartre: Philosopher associated with existentialism.

Week 3

Existentialism: A philosophical approach emphasizing the existence of the individual human being.
French Novel, Playwright, and Exponent of Existentialism: Existentialism emphasizes individual freedom and responsibility.
B.F. Skinner: American psychologist known for behaviorism.
Dialogue: Deep, genuine relationship with mutual awareness and acknowledgement.
Intersubjectivity: Shared understanding and awareness among persons.
Relationship: How two or more concepts or people are connected.
Intrapersonal: Within a person (thoughts, feelings, etc.)
Interpersonal: Between two people.
Intrapersonal, Interpersonal and Relationship: Describes how humans interact in groups and individually.
Martin Buber (I-Thou relationship): Focuses on interpersonal relationships with mutual recognition of the other as a person.

Week 4

Social Relations: Interactions between people, groups, or organizations.
Reciprocity: Exchanging things mutually.
Communal: Shared by all members of a community.
Attachment: Affection for someone/something.
Social Exchange Theory: Explains relationships based on cost and benefits.
Attachment Theory: Emphasizes the importance of secure relationships in development.
Uncertainty Reduction Theory: Explains how humans interact to reduce uncertainty.
Equity Theory: Focuses on fairness in relationships.
Plato: Developed societal ideas, including the ideal ruler (philosopher king).
Confucianism: A philosophy that emphasized social harmony and relationships.
Karl Marx: Proposed that consciousness, sociality, and purposiveness create humankind.

Week 5

Minding Relationships: Focus on created happiness in relationships.
Five Components of Relationship Satisfaction: Self-disclosure, respect, cultivating relationship, reciprocity, and continuity.
Egalitarian: Belief in equality of rights and opportunities.
Social System: Group of people interacting; has physical or environmental components.
Social Organizations: Groups of people working towards a shared goal.
Pre-Industrial Societies: Societies that existed before the Industrial Revolution: Hunting and gathering, Pastoral, Horticultural, and Agrarian societies.

Week 6

Death and Loss: The end of biological functions. Include grief of death and loss of loved ones.
Senescence/Aging: The gradual decline of bodily functions with age.
Lifespan: Length of time living; includes a person's life cycle.
Eternal Oblivion: The idea of complete loss of consciousness after death.
Grief: A natural emotional reaction to loss and death.
Virtual/Social Networks: A cultural aspect in human communities, especially in social contexts.
Industrial Societies: Societies characterized by the accumulation of information and innovations from earlier times.
Educational Society: The process of teaching and learning.

Week 7

Dealing with death and grief: Stages ranging from denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance.
Socrates and Ethics: Emphasized self-knowledge, moral virtue, and the role of knowledge in achieving happiness and fulfillment.
Plato and Immortality: The body is temporary, and there exists the eternal realm of ideas.
Aristotle's View about Potential and Actuality: Potential is what a thing is capable of becoming, while actuality is its existing characteristics.

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Description

Explore key concepts of volition, classification, and the philosophical perspectives on love and freedom from St. Thomas Aquinas to Aristotle. Understand how reason interplays with action and will in human decision-making. Delve into the foundational ideas of rationality and the implications for personal growth.