DEIRAHLYN HEART M. MESINA - SECOND QUARTER IP REVIEWER PDF

**Week1**\ **Volition**- an act of making a choice or decision. **Classification**- action or process classifying something according to shared qualities or characteristics. **Love-** an intense feeling of deep affection **Action-** the fact or process of doing something, typically to achieve an...

**Week1**\ **Volition**- an act of making a choice or decision. **Classification**- action or process classifying something according to shared qualities or characteristics. **Love-** an intense feeling of deep affection **Action-** the fact or process of doing something, typically to achieve an aim. **Reason-** cause, explanation or justification for an action or event. **What is Freedom?** - The power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hindrance or restraint. (en.oxforddictionaries.com) - Strands for something greater than just the right to act. Also, stands for securing to everyone an equal opportunity for life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. (ieet.org) - Understood as independence of the arbitrary will of another. A free person can do whatever he chooses as long as he does not break the law and infringe of the freedom of others. (newworldencyclopedia.org) **A. Aristotle** ***"All Actions have consequences."*** ***Power of Volition -*** The imperative quality of a judgment of practical intellect is meaningless, apart from will. Reason can legislate, but only through will can its legislation be translated into action. The task of practical intellect is to guide and enlighten it. Will, in fact, is to be understood wholly in terms of intellect. If there were no intellect, there would be no will. Human beings are rational To reason is a divine characteristic Reason, will and action drives each other **B. St. Thomas Aquinas** Philosopher and theologian St. Thomas Aquinas was born circa 1225 in Roccasecca, Italy. Combining the theological principles of faith with the philosophical principles of reason, he ranked among the most influential thinkers of medieval Scholasticism. **Love is Freedom** All creatures of God, human beings have the unique power to change themselves and the things around them for the better. He considers humans as moral agents. **St. Thomas Aquinas: Spiritual Freedom**  The existence of God as the first cause. Of all God's creations, humans have the unique power to change themselves and things around them for the better. As humans, we are both material and spiritual. We have a conscience because of our spirituality. God is Love and Love is our destiny. **Week 2** **5. Sovereign-** describe as supreme power or authority **Theory of Social Contract** - A law of nature (lex naturalis) is a precept of general rule established by reason, by which a person is forbidden to do that which is destructive of his life or takes away the means of preserving the same; and to omit that by which he thinks it may be best preserved. - "Morality consists in the set of rules governing behavior that rational people would accept, on the condition that others accept them as well." **Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Social Contract** - - - - Rousseau posits that the political aspects of a society should be divided into two parts: - First, there must be a sovereign consisting of the whole population, women included, that represents the general will and is the legislative power within the state. - The second division is that of the government, being distinct from the sovereign. - In his book the Social Contract, the state owes its origin to a social contract freely entered into by its members. **Thomas Hobbes: Social Contract** - - - - - - - - - - - - **B.F. Skinner: Behaviorism** - B. F. Skinner was an American psychologist best-known for his Influence on [**[behaviorism]**](https://www.verywellmind.com/behavioral-psychology-4157183) - Skinner referred to his own philosophy as \'radical behaviorism\' and suggested that the concept of free will was simply an illusion. - All human action, he instead believed, was the direct result of conditioning. - Punishment and Reward - Simply as, you do good you will be rewarded you do bad you will be punished. **Dialogue** - Dialogue is a deep and genuine relationship between persons **Intersubjectivity -** Intersubjectivity refers to the shared awareness and understanding among persons **Relationship** - Relationship is the way in which two or more concepts, objects, or people are connected, or the state of being connected. **Intrapersonal -** Intrapersonal means "within a person," that is, taking place within one person\'s self or mind. **Interpersonal** - Interpersonal relationship involves social associations, connections, or affiliations between two or more people **INTERSUBJECTIVITY** - It is the condition of a man, a subject, among other men, who are also subject - It refers to the shared awareness and understanding among persons - It is made possible by the awareness of the self and the other A. **I-THOU** - Relationship of mutual and reciprocal connection - Dialogic in nature - There is awareness and acknowledgement present between two people B. **I-IT** - Deeply correspond to isolation - Monologic in Nature, relationship with oneself - Both relationships are not constant rather, they can be interchanged **Karol Józef Wojtyła;\ \[ˈkarɔl ˈjuzɛv vɔjˈtɨwa\]** Saint Pope John Paul II or Karol Wojtyla was born in Wadowice, Poland. He was elected to the Papacy on October 16, 1978 (264th pope) and was considered a great pope (88%) during his lifetime. He was also an architect of Communism's demise in Poland. In his encyclical letter, Fides et ratio, he **criticized the traditional definition of human as "rational animal"**. He maintains that the **human person is the one who exist and acts (conscious acting, has a will, has self-determination)**. And for Wojtyla, the **social dimension is represented by 'We relation'**. Week 4 **Social relation -**is a blanket term for interactions between two or more people, groups, or organizations. **Reciprocity -** the practice of exchanging things with others for mutual benefit, especially privileges granted by one country or organization to another. **Communal-** shared by all members of a community; for common use **Attachment-** affection, fondness or sympathy for someone or something **Cultivating-** try to acquire or develop Week 4 \"Man is by nature a social animal; an individual who is unsocial naturally and not accidentally is either beneath our notice or more than human,\" stated the venerable Greek philosopher Aristotle. Society comes first, not the individual. Man cannot exist alone. For him to survive, certain physiological demands must be met. For him to have a life, he must interact with other people. No man can free himself from the bonds of interdependence. This may start between the mother and the embryo and go on till he breathes his last. While the mother\'s needs are more mental than physical, the needs of the embryo are the opposite. He defines human being as who: 1. 2. 3. **Plato** -- envisioned a society where a philosopher was a king who ruled over people who were grouped by their personal attributes **Confucianism** -- a person can only become truly human when man attends to his social duties **Karl Marx**- Believes that consciousness, sociality, and purposiveness build up a human person \- Individuals live their lives through social activities -Feelings and roles must be acknowledged **Dynamics of Social Relations** Two types of Human Relationships 1. **Exchange Relationships** -- There is an expectance 2. **Communal Relationships** -- There is willingness/ genuineness **Social Exchange Theory** - Its balance is not always equal - When the cost outweighs the benefit, relationship is terminated - Level of fairness varies between relationship (more generous -- give a lot. Stingy- won't give anything at all) **Attachment Theory** - Believes that people normally feel secure when a 'significant other' is present and will feel anxious if not around - Human contact is desired - Need for attachment - Need for affiliation **Uncertainty Reduction Theory** - Humans reduce their anxiety by getting to know them better - By knowing people together, behavior can be predicted and trust will be built eventually **Equity Theory** - Concerned not only in rewards but also in fairness - People value fair or equal treatment which motivates them to maintain their fairness in their relationships **Minding Relations Relationship** - Happiness in a relationship is created in the mind **Five components of a satisfying relationship** 1. Self- Disclosure 2. Respect and Acceptance 3. Cultivating Relationship 4. The principle of reciprocality 5. Continuity **Self- Disclosure** - Partners share intimate information with each other to increase trust which make couples grow together over time **Respect and Acceptance** - Respect and Acceptance must be maintained no matter how negative the information that was shared by their partners **Cultivating Relationship** - Enhancing attributions for behaviors people in a minding relationship should make positive attributions, description, and/or explanation of each other's behavior **Principle of Reciprocity** - No matter how hard one person tries to establish a positive foundation in a relationship, the lack of matching response from the partner will ultimately undermine the overall quality of the relationship. Week 5 **Environing System --** it includes cultural and personality systems, the behavioral and other subsystems of the organism, and through the organism, the physical environment. **Goal directed** -- which means that they are interacting because they have a goal to achieve. **Stratification --** arrangement or formation of layers of strata. **Egalitarian --** believing in the principle that all people are equal rights and opportunities. **Consensus** -- general agreement **Social System** - of group of individual actors interacting with each other in a situation that has least a physical or environmental aspect. - **Four Factors that make up a Social System** First -- the social system is composed of two or more individuals which are called *actors.* Second -- the actors interact with one another physically or environment. Third -- the interaction is goal directed Fourth- the relationship is mediated by shared symbol. **[Social Organizations --]** are social systems because they are made up of individuals interacting for a common goal, where each has a part or functions. **Different forms of Society** **Pre Industrial Societies** -refers to the different types of societies that existed before the 18^th^ century, or before the industrial Revolution \- are characterized as having limited forms of production, with limited division of labor and social stratification. **Pre industrial Societies consists of the following** a. **Hunting and Gathering Societies** - Simplest type of societies - - - - b. **Pastoral Societies** c. **Horticultural Societies** d. **Agrarian Societies** e. **Industrial Societies** - a. Advancement in water transportation b. Further advancement in agricultural techniques and practices c. Establishment of the printing press - Technology swiftly evolved in industrial societies resulting in even more efficiency in production. - This eventually led to a problem of **overproduction**. f. **Educational Society** - Education is the process of receiving or giving systematic instruction, especially in school or university. - It is composed of people whose main role is to transfer knowledge or information within an educational institution. g. **Virtual/ Social Networks** - Refers to all components that are part of a society's culture based on the functional rather than the physical. - It specifically enhanced telecommunication systems and computing technology that people use to interact with each other within the said society. Week 6 - **Death** is the end of all biological functions that sustain a living organism. - **Senescence or aging** is the process of gradual decline of the human body. - **Lifespan** the length of time for which a person or animal lives or a thing function. - **Eternal oblivion,** the belief that the person's consciousness is completely erased upon death. - **Grief** is the natural reaction to death and dying; deep sorrow, especially that caused by someone\'s death. - Death is considered to be a natural occurrence, and as a person advance in age, the certainty of death is seen in the gradual decline of the human body. Changes that characterize senescence include the decline of the senses such as sight and hearing, gradual loss of vitality and mobility, mental decline, and increased frailty and susceptibility to injury or disease. ***How should one face death and loss?*** Throughout our life, we have faced various experiences related to death and the most powerful experiences related to death are often those of loved ones, particular friends and family members. Grief is the natural reaction to death and dying. The experience of grief often involves a multitude of emotions such as sadness, anxiety, anger, and guilt. **Psychological studies** on grief have yielded several views on how humans deal with death, dying, and loss. The earliest description of the phenomenon of grief was put forth by **Elisabeth Kubler- Ross.** - **Denial-** the dying person initially expresses disbelief regarding his or her situation; those who hear of death of a loved one often refuse to believe the news at first. - **Anger**- the person expresses frustration with his or her situation. - **Bargaining**- the dying person often voices his or her wish that his or her life be prolonged, and that he or she is willing to do whatever it takes to survive. - **Depression**- the dying person experiences intense sadness and exhibits disinterest in life and its normal routines. - **Acceptance**- this is the last emotional stage of grief when the person finally comes to terms with his or her impending death and has embraced his or her mortality. ***Existence rather than Essence"*** For Nietzsche, the meaning of life is to live authentically and powerfully, creating one's own goals and values. Those of us who live by a moral code, be it religious or otherwise, are weak and only get in the way of the "supermen." His strongly aesthetic vision perceives life as a work of art and all of us our own artists. Personal choices are not constrained by moral philosophy or objective forms of truth. In Nietzsche's ideal world, we would return to nature and welcome the chance to be creative every moment that we are awake. Individual freedom found in liberal democracies is repudiated in favor of unrestrained freedom found in individual strength. Nietzsche\'s contribution to existentialism was the idea that men must accept that they are part of a material world, regardless of what else might exist. As part of this world, men must live as if there is nothing else beyond life. A failure to live, to take risks, is a failure to realize human potential. **Who am I and why am I here?** *"The immoral person literally becomes a slave of his desire." - **Socrates*** - A great teacher in Athens around 469 BC, believes that knowing - For Socrates, for a person to be happy, he has to live a virtuous life. - **PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE** -- One does not only know the rules of right living, but one lives them. Hence, true knowledge means wisdom, which in turn, means virtue. - **SOCRATES MAJOR ETHICAL CLAIMS:** **Plato-** "Only the dead have seen the end of war." - CONTEMPLATION in the mind of Plato means that - THEORY OF IMMORTALITY -- The body is the source of endless **Aristotle- "***We ought, so far as it lies within our power, to aspire to immortality, and do all that we can to live in conformity with the highest that is within us; for even if it is small in quantity, in power and preciousness, it far excels all the rest."* - Realizing your Potential - Aristotle's account of change calls upon actuality and potentiality (Hare et al., 1991). - Everything in nature seeks to realize itself -- to develop its potentialities and finally realize its actualities. - Entelechy -- Greek word for "to become its essence", also means nothing happens by chance. - The natural world is divided into two categories: Non-Living things and living things (Price, 2000) - All things are destructible but the Unmoved Mover (God) is eternal, immaterial, with pure actuality or perfection.