Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does "freedom" refer to?
What does "freedom" refer to?
The human capacity to act (or not to act) as we choose without external compulsion.
In Aristotle's view, what is the key to having a will?
In Aristotle's view, what is the key to having a will?
Intellect.
According to the concept of existentialism, who builds the road to their destiny?
According to the concept of existentialism, who builds the road to their destiny?
What does the concept of "existence precedes essence" mean in existentialism?
What does the concept of "existence precedes essence" mean in existentialism?
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What is the basis for the notion of moral obligation and duty according to Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and John Locke?
What is the basis for the notion of moral obligation and duty according to Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and John Locke?
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The social contract is an agreement where individuals sacrifice nothing of their freedom.
The social contract is an agreement where individuals sacrifice nothing of their freedom.
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The absence of any ______ is what defines physical freedom.
The absence of any ______ is what defines physical freedom.
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What is the essential characteristic of psychological freedom?
What is the essential characteristic of psychological freedom?
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What are the key considerations in a moral freedom?
What are the key considerations in a moral freedom?
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What does positive freedom require?
What does positive freedom require?
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What does negative freedom refer to?
What does negative freedom refer to?
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Absolute freedom exists, there are no limitations.
Absolute freedom exists, there are no limitations.
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What is the main benefit of being a frugal person in terms of the environment?
What is the main benefit of being a frugal person in terms of the environment?
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What is the primary goal of sustainable development?
What is the primary goal of sustainable development?
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What is the role of environmental integrity in sustainability?
What is the role of environmental integrity in sustainability?
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What is the goal of economic efficiency in sustainability?
What is the goal of economic efficiency in sustainability?
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How does the principle of equity relate to sustainability?
How does the principle of equity relate to sustainability?
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The ______ is the capacity to direct and discipline one's activities and behavior using reason.
The ______ is the capacity to direct and discipline one's activities and behavior using reason.
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What is the key characteristic of frugality?
What is the key characteristic of frugality?
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Frugality can help solve environmental problems.
Frugality can help solve environmental problems.
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What is the major focus of deep ecology?
What is the major focus of deep ecology?
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What does Murray Bookchin's social ecology focus on?
What does Murray Bookchin's social ecology focus on?
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What is the central claim of ecofeminism?
What is the central claim of ecofeminism?
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Why is a human person considered a "social being"?
Why is a human person considered a "social being"?
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What is the central idea behind the concept of "society"?
What is the central idea behind the concept of "society"?
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Social contracts are based solely on the will of a single ruler.
Social contracts are based solely on the will of a single ruler.
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What is the primary purpose of social contracts, according to John Locke?
What is the primary purpose of social contracts, according to John Locke?
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What is the core idea behind the concept of "general will" in Rousseau's social contract theory?
What is the core idea behind the concept of "general will" in Rousseau's social contract theory?
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What is the concept of "original position" as proposed by John Rawls?
What is the concept of "original position" as proposed by John Rawls?
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Describe the central concept of "intersubjectivity"?
Describe the central concept of "intersubjectivity"?
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The term "persons with disabilities" refers to individuals with temporary conditions that prevent them from participating in daily activities.
The term "persons with disabilities" refers to individuals with temporary conditions that prevent them from participating in daily activities.
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What are some barriers that may prevent individuals with disabilities from fully participating in society?
What are some barriers that may prevent individuals with disabilities from fully participating in society?
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The Paralympics are a sporting event designed exclusively for athletes with disabilities.
The Paralympics are a sporting event designed exclusively for athletes with disabilities.
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Who is Hellen Keller?
Who is Hellen Keller?
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What is the main point of the ''underprivileged sectors'' in society?
What is the main point of the ''underprivileged sectors'' in society?
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What are some examples of the ''marginalized sectors'' in society?
What are some examples of the ''marginalized sectors'' in society?
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What does ''marginalization'' involve?
What does ''marginalization'' involve?
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The LGBTQ++ community faces discrimination and violence based solely on their sexual orientations and gender identities.
The LGBTQ++ community faces discrimination and violence based solely on their sexual orientations and gender identities.
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What does Emmanuel Levinas suggest we should do to address the plight of marginalized individuals?
What does Emmanuel Levinas suggest we should do to address the plight of marginalized individuals?
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It is only the responsibility of governments to address the issues faced by underprivileged individuals.
It is only the responsibility of governments to address the issues faced by underprivileged individuals.
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Study Notes
Freedom
- Human capacity to act or not act as chosen without external compulsion or restraint
- Intrinsic and essential property of a person
- Indication of human freedom: ability to make choices and perform actions
- Freedom separates humans from other beings
Difference of Animals and Humans
- ANIMALS: Respond to commands, trained and conditioned to perform actions instinctively (predetermined responses to stimuli)
- HUMANS: Choose course of action when given a stimulus or faced with a situation (e.g., cleaning a room)
Aristotle (The Power of Volition)
- Volition is the faculty or power to use or discharge one's will.
- Intellect is necessary for a will to exist
- Will is an instrument of free choice and can be good or bad
- Humans are rational beings, reason is a divine characteristic
St. Thomas Aquinas (Freedom is Spirituality and Love)
- Intellectual beings seek universal goodness
- A condition of the will arising from being in a moral world
- Human beings are moral agents
- Spirituality separates humans from animals
- Humans have a conscience and are responsible for choosing good or evil
- God as the first cause, humans have unique power to change themselves and their environment
Jean Paul Sartre (Individual Freedom)
- Existentialism: Human beings build their own destiny; they are the creator
- Existence precedes essence: Individuals choose who they are
- Free individual choice is important, regardless of other's influence
- Freedom is exercised through choices
Hobbes, Rousseau, and Locke (Theory of Social Contract)
- Freedom exists within a context of a governing authority (contract)
- Individuals sacrifice some individual freedom to submit to a higher authority in a social contract
- Social contract is a necessity for a functional, working society
Kinds of Freedom
- Physical Freedom: Absence of physical restraint, allowing mobility
- Psychological Freedom: Ability to make choices without coercion
Moral Freedom
- Using freedom to uphold human dignity and goodness
- Examples: charitable works, outreach, sensitivity to others, responsible social media use, volunteering
Freedom and Responsibility
- Freedom involves consequences
- Freedom is innate and cannot be denied
- Freedom is used in a manner that upholds human dignity
Choices (Freedom Comes with Great Responsibilities)
- All actions have consequences, freedom involves choice
- Chance and choosing are linked. Responsible for consequences of choices
- Freedom is the ability to determine and create one's self, personality is shaped by choices
- Person's actions shape the person they become
- Freedom requires self-control
Voluntariness, Responsibility, and Moral Decisions
- Voluntariness – ability to act out of free will
- Responsibility – accountability for one's actions and consequences
- Moral decisions are choices based on ethics, character and principles affecting self and others
The Act of Making a Choice
- Weighing reasons and considering alternatives when making a choice
- Considerations given more weight than others influence choices
Ethics
- Branch of philosophy examining moral principles
- A moral agent is responsible for their choices
- Moral decisions are based on ethics, manners, character, and beliefs influencing self and others
Intellectual Choice vs. Practical Choice
- Intellectual Choice: Deliberate selection based on moral principles, normative answers about what ought to be done considering societal acceptance, theoretical
- Practical Choice: Driven by psychological and emotional considerations, choices influenced by personal situations and emotions, actual situation
Moral Dilemma
- Situation where a person faces conflicting options, neither of which is acceptable
- Situations with moral implications require a reasoned decision
Evaluate and Exercise Prudence in Choice
- Prudence in choice involves awareness of choices' implications
- Individual capacity for good choices arises from experiences and values
- Choices have consequences for oneself and others
Sacrifices and Choices
- Necessary sacrifices are part of growth and decision-making
- Risks and consequences are part of taking daunting tasks
- Personal progress is tied to choices' weighted consequences
The Given and the Chosen
- Human freedom exists but has reasonable limitations
- Self-interests must be balanced with sacrifices
- Need for prudence, knowledge, and recognition of others' rights
- Exercise of freedom with respect to others’ well-being
The Human Person in the Environment
- Environmental philosophy studies human relationships with the environment
- Humans have the ability to change the environment
- Human impact significantly affects the environment
Three Major Views on the Relationship Between Humanity and the Environment
- Anthropocentrism: Humans are the most important, nature is a resource, and free to use its resources
- Biocentrism: All living things have inherent value and should be protected
- Ecocentrism: Human beings are part of a larger biological system and have stewardship responsibilities for nature (e.g. protecting plants)
Environmental Aesthetics
- Philosophical view, maintaining order in environment to appreciate natural beauty which benefits humans
Sustainable Development
- Meeting current needs without sacrificing resources for future generations
3 Important Principles of Sustainability
- Environmental integrity: Human activities should not disrupt the ecosystem and communities
- Economic efficiency: Prudence and frugality are needed in resource use (e.g., regulating waste)
- Equity: Using natural resources to ensure conservation for future generations
Theories in Radical Ecological Philosophy
- Deep ecology: Arne Naess, all living things have inherent worth
- Social ecology: Murray Bookchin, social hierarchy creates ecological problems
- Ecofeminism: Nature is the root cause of ecological problems, male-centered view is problematic
The Human Person in Society
- Humans have roles and responsibilities within their community
- Societies provide structure for individuals
- Human beings are social creatures
- We have different relationships that shape us
- Society refers to an organized group of people with common territory and culture
Social Contract Theory
- Individuals cooperate and compromise to gain structure in society (agreement)
- Humans are in a natural state prior to forming a society
- Natural state can be regulated by higher authority and laws
- Agreement between people and governing power gives rise to society
Intersubjectivity
- Importance of considering human dignity when dealing with those with disabilities or from vulnerable socioeconomic backgrounds
Vulnerable Sectors of Society (Marginalization and Discrimination)
- Persons with disabilities (PWDs): experience different forms of violence and obstacles in society, they have goals like everyone else
- Underprivileged groups: in society that experience different forms of social deprivation, and human rights violations, like poverty, inequality, and discrimination
- LGBTQI+ community: vulnerable to different types of violence, discrimination, bullying, etc, and discrimination in society
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Description
Explore the concepts of freedom, volition, and the differences between humans and animals as discussed by Aristotle and St. Thomas Aquinas. This quiz examines the intrinsic properties of human freedom, the role of intellect in volition, and the moral implications of our choices. Test your understanding of these philosophical ideas!
