Philosophy Quiz on Foundationalism

Questions and Answers

What makes an argument sound?

It should begin with the conclusion.

It is valid and all of its premises are true. (correct)

It must include emotional appeals.

It requires at least three premises.

What is one of the Four Noble Truths in Buddhism?

Pleasure is the ultimate goal.

Craving leads to enlightenment.

Self-denial is unnecessary.

Life is suffering. (correct)

What is the Fourth Noble Truth also called?

The Path of Extreme Denial

The Way of Asceticism

The Path of Suffering

The Middle Path (correct)

According to Confucius, what does the principle of reciprocity imply?

Do not do to others what you would not want done to you. Signup and view all the answers

What does Aristotle suggest is required for achieving the chief good?

Something desired for its own sake. Signup and view all the answers

How does Aristotle view the acquisition of virtues?

They are acquired by practice and habit. Signup and view all the answers

What does the law of karma suggest about justice?

Justice will eventually prevail. Signup and view all the answers

What is one key distinction between 'How should one live?' and 'How ought one to live?'

One focuses on societal expectations while the other focuses on personal morals. Signup and view all the answers

Why are etymologies not very helpful in providing definitions of words?

The meanings of words change over time. Signup and view all the answers

What does metaphysics primarily deal with?

The distinction between appearance and reality. Signup and view all the answers

What do anti-foundationalists criticize foundationalism for?

Failing to reach consensus on transcultural principles. Signup and view all the answers

According to foundationalists, what does the anti-foundationalist stance imply?

It leads to relativism. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'dialectical' refer to?

The act of thinking or talking through concepts. Signup and view all the answers

In a valid argument, what must be true about the premises and conclusion?

It is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion to be false. Signup and view all the answers

What defines an argument as deductive?

Its conclusion follows necessarily from its premises. Signup and view all the answers

What does vagueness refer to in terms of language?

The range of applicability of a term. Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of compensatory justice?

Affirmative action programs Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes retributive justice from distributive justice?

Retributive justice involves punishment for wrongdoing. Signup and view all the answers

According to Fadl, what is a core political value for a Muslim polity?

The pursuit of justice Signup and view all the answers

What does Fiqh refer to in Islamic terms?

A human attempt to apply divine ideals Signup and view all the answers

What does institutional racism imply?

Absence of negative attitudes towards other races Signup and view all the answers

According to Cornel West, what underlies the fundamental crisis in black America?

Too much poverty and too little self-respect Signup and view all the answers

What does empirical theory claim regarding the source of knowledge?

Knowledge is obtained through sensory experience. Signup and view all the answers

What is methodical skepticism aimed at achieving?

Arriving at truth through careful questioning Signup and view all the answers

What is a key criticism of absolute skepticism?

It is self-refuting. Signup and view all the answers

What primarily distinguishes rationalism from empiricism?

Rationalism emphasizes a priori thinking. Signup and view all the answers

According to al-Ghazali, how can Sufi mysticism be understood?

Only through immediate experience. Signup and view all the answers

What does al-Ghazali express skepticism about?

Knowledge claims based solely on sense and intellect. Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a chief aim of the philosophy of science?

To analyze the various sciences critically. Signup and view all the answers

How does Peirce describe belief?

As similar to a habit. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'scientism' represent in the context of scientific philosophy?

Unquestioning faith in science's ability to explain all phenomena. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the subject of justice in philosophy?

How social institutions allocate rights and duties. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Language and Philosophy

Etymologies are not definitive, as word meanings evolve over time.
Dialectical refers to the act of talking or thinking through ideas.
Criticism, etymologically, implies being skilled in judgment.

Metaphysics

Examines the nature of reality, differentiating between appearance and reality.
Answers fundamental questions regarding existence.

Rationality and Foundations

Foundationalism asserts objective standards of rationality.
Anti-foundationalists critique foundationalism for its lack of consensus on transcultural principles.
Disagreements on rationality challenge dispute resolution methods.

Philosophy's Appeal

Offers pleasure through the discovery of new ideas and stimulating content.
Not solely focused on life’s meaning, but addresses various philosophical inquiries.

Argumentation and Logic

Modus ponens is an argument form where 'If p, then q; p; therefore q' illustrates logical reasoning.
Validity in arguments means premises can only be true if the conclusion is also true.
Sound arguments are both valid and have true premises.
Vagueness pertains to the applicability range of terms.

Buddhist Philosophy

Craving and pleasure are linked within Buddhist doctrine.
One of the Four Noble Truths states that life involves suffering.
The Middle Path, or Fourth Noble Truth, balances between pleasure-seeking and asceticism.
Right Action promotes moral conduct.
The Buddha advocates for wisdom, morality, and mental discipline in life.

Confucianism Concepts

Rites foster benevolence (jen) in Confucian teachings.
Jen fundamentally means benevolence.
The principle of reciprocity guides ethical conduct as, "Do not do to others what you would not want done to you."

Aristotelian Ethics

The ultimate good is desired for its own sake, ensuring a purposeful pursuit of the good life.
Happiness, the chief human good, relates to human rationality.
Virtues develop through habitual practice from youth.

Justice Theories

Anarchists view ruling by a group over another as immoral.
Compensatory justice includes affirmative action, aiming for equity.
Retributive justice punishes wrongdoing, distinguishing it from distributive justice.

Islam and Governance

Muslim jurists historically preferred a caliphate governance.
Justice is central to a Muslim polity, as stated by Fadl.
The concept of Fiqh refers to human efforts to apply divine principles.

Philosophers advocate for morally sound policies.
Institutional racism operates without personal negative biases, unlike individual racism.
Cornel West highlights the dual burdens of poverty and loss of self-respect in black America.

Knowledge Theories

Empiricism argues that sensation is the foundation of knowledge.
Rationalism claims that reason is the source of knowledge.
Methodical skepticism promotes critical questioning to discover truth.

Sufism

Al-Ghazali asserts Sufi mysticism transcends intellectual study; it is understood through direct experience.
Skepticism arises regarding knowledge gained through senses, as experiences may vary.

Philosophy of Science

Seeks critical analysis of sciences, addressing theory formation.
Scientism reflects a misplaced faith in science as the sole truth determiner.
Understanding scientific methods is essential for informed public policy decisions.

Pragmatism

Peirce's pragmatism emphasizes belief as a habit influenced by doubt.
External permanence is crucial in the scientific method, in contrast to authority-based beliefs.

Justice and Institutions

Justice involves the distribution of rights and duties by social institutions.

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Description

Test your understanding of foundationalism and its critiques in philosophy. This quiz explores key concepts regarding metaphysics, etymology, and the debate between foundationalists and anti-foundationalists. Challenge your knowledge on the evolution of definitions and the standards of rationality.