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Questions and Answers
What does Justified True Belief (JTB) require for a belief to qualify as knowledge?
What is an example of a scenario that illustrates a challenge to JTB?
What distinguishes strong foundationalism from weak foundationalism?
According to Clifford's Ethics of Belief, what is the moral duty regarding beliefs?
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What type of skepticism suggests that we may be living in a scenario like the Matrix?
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What implication does contextualism suggest about knowledge claims?
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What is likely the problem with beliefs that are justified and true yet do not amount to knowledge as illustrated by Gettier cases?
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What distinguishes knowledge from mere true belief in practical terms?
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What does the term 'phenomenal consciousness' refer to?
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What does the 'Mary Argument' illustrate about consciousness?
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Which type of experience is defined as perceptions that accurately reflect reality?
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What does 'indirect realism' suggest about perception?
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The argument from illusions and hallucinations supports which philosophical view?
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What does disjunctivism claim about veridical and non-veridical experiences?
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What does the transparency view challenge regarding direct realism?
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What aspect of physicalism do reductionist theories advocate for?
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Study Notes
Justified True Belief (JTB)
- Definition: A traditional view of knowledge that states knowledge requires a belief that is true and justified.
- Example: A clock showing the correct time twice a day. A person looking at it at that time believes it's the correct time but isn’t.
Gettier Cases
- Purpose: Challenge the JTB theory by providing examples of situations where beliefs are justified and true but do not constitute knowledge.
- Impact: Demonstrate that justified true beliefs could still fail to amount to knowledge due to luck or external factors.
Foundationalism
- Basic Beliefs: Self-justifying beliefs that don't require further justification.
- Non-Basic Beliefs: Require a chain of justification, building upon basic beliefs.
- Strong Foundationalism: Asserts that basic beliefs are infallible.
- Weak Foundationalism: Accepts that basic beliefs may not always be infallible, but are still more reliable than derived beliefs.
The Value of Knowledge and Justification
- Instrumental Value: True beliefs are valuable for practical applications.
- Non-Instrumental Value: Knowledge is considered more stable and reliable, providing a foundation for further beliefs and actions.
- Clifford's Ethics of Belief: Emphasizes the moral duty to ensure beliefs are well-founded.
Skepticism
- Skeptical Hypotheses: Scenarios like The Matrix or an evil demon deceiving us about the world.
- Implications: We might not be able to know much about the world due to the possibility of deception.
Contextualism
- Context-Dependence: Suggests that knowledge claims depend on the context, with epistemic standards varying by situation.
- Everyday Scenarios: Potentially dissolves skeptical arguments by allowing lower standards in routine contexts.
Phenomenal Consciousness
- Subjective Experience: The "what it is like" aspect of consciousness, focusing on qualitative experiences.
- Hard Problem: Explaining how subjective experiences arise from physical processes.
Physicalism and Dualism
- Physicalism: Asserts consciousness can be fully explained by physical states.
- Reductionist Theories: Suggest consciousness can be reduced to physical properties.
- Non-reductionist Theories: Claim that physical explanations are insufficient to understand consciousness.
- Dualism: Proposes that consciousness involves separate, non-physical properties.
Mary Argument
- Scenario: A scientist, Mary, who knows everything physical about color but has never experienced it.
- Implication: Upon seeing color, she gains new knowledge, suggesting there are non-physical aspects to experience.
Perception
- Veridical Experiences: Accurate perceptions that reflect reality.
- Illusory Experiences: Misleading perceptions that distort reality.
- Hallucinatory Experiences: Perceptions without external stimuli.
Direct vs. Indirect Realism
- Direct Realism: Perception connects us directly to objects without mental intermediaries.
- Indirect Realism: Perception is mediated by mental representations or intermediaries.
Argument from Illusions and Hallucinations
- Premise: Illusions and hallucinations are often indistinguishable from veridical perceptions.
- Implication: Supports indirect realism, questioning whether perception always directly links us to the external world.
Disjunctivism
- Contrarian View: Argues that veridical and non-veridical experiences are fundamentally different, challenging indirect realism.
Transparency of Experience
- Concept: Our awareness in perceptual experience is directed outwardly, focusing on external objects.
- Challenge to Direct Realism: Suggests perception might inherently involve a direct connection with the world, supporting the direct realist perspective.
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Description
Explore the concepts of Justified True Belief (JTB) and Foundationalism in epistemology. Learn how Gettier cases challenge the traditional view of knowledge and the distinctions between basic and non-basic beliefs. Enhance your understanding of how beliefs can be justified yet still fail to be knowledge.