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Philosophy: Perceptions, Free Will, Nature vs Nurture, Mind-Body Connection

Explore philosophical questions related to perception of the world, free will, nature vs nurture, and mind-body connection. Delve into the impact of culture on individual behavior and the link between thoughts, feelings, and consciousness.

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Questions and Answers

Who coined the term 'stream of consciousness'?

William James

Which movement in psychology focuses on observable behavior and strict experimental procedures?

Behaviorism

What did John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner back in psychology?

Behaviorism

What concept did Behaviorism refer to as 'black box psychology'?

<p>Explaining relationships between stimuli, responses, and consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological approach focuses on the purposes of consciousness and behavior?

<p>Functionalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to evolutionary psychology, why are human beings equipped with certain psychological systems?

<p>To survive and reproduce</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term did Darwin suggest to describe the concept of the fittest individuals passing on their genes?

<p>Survival of the fittest</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do behaviorists like Skinner believe influences our behaviors, according to the text?

<p>Automatic responses to environmental cues</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective proposes that free will and determinism are not mutually exclusive?

<p>Compatibilism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychologist was the first to advance the Gestalt viewpoint?

<p>Max Wertheimer</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does evolutionary psychology view the relationship between human psychological systems and survival?

<p>As mechanisms for survival and reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Sigmund Freud emphasize in his work on human behavior and mental disorders?

<p>The role of the unconscious and internal processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept suggests that people are motivated by future goals and personal growth?

<p>Self-actualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the critical multiplism approach in psychology focus on understanding?

<p>Human behavior through multiple perspectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do conditions of worth impact an individual according to the text?

<p>Bring about distress and incongruence</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is considered the 'father of modern psychology'?

<p>Wilhelm Wundt</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychologist proposed that psychology should focus on analyzing the contents of consciousness?

<p>Wilhelm Wundt</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who founded the first formal laboratory for research in psychology?

<p>Wilhelm Wundt</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach to psychology was backed by William James and focused on analyzing the consciousness by breaking it down into its component elements?

<p>Functionalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological theory was criticized by Wilhelm Wundt as 'literature'?

<p>Functionalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Watson's theory primarily concerned with?

<p>The effects of stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Watson, why should internal mental states not be part of psychology?

<p>They cannot be studied scientifically</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Watson differ from critics regarding the focus of psychology?

<p>Watson focused on overt responses to stimuli, while critics emphasized consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of psychologists criticized Behaviorism for oversimplifying human behavior?

<p>Gestalt psychologists, Psychoanalytic, humanistic, and cognitive theorists</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the behavioristic approach emphasize in psychology?

<p>Objectivity and laws of learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosophical concept suggests that the mind and body are distinct entities?

<p>Dualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is known for proposing that the mind can influence the body and vice versa?

<p>G. Stanley Hall</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientific method was used by physiologists to answer questions about the nervous system and senses?

<p>Empirical method</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which early belief suggested that human behaviors are determined by either genes or environment?

<p>Nativism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is associated with the scientific field of psychology's emergence through empirical means?

<p>Wilhelm Wundt</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did British philosopher John Locke propose about human nature?

<p>Humans are born as blank slates shaped by the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did early psychologists believe influenced human behavior the most?

<p>Learning from the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

What have behavior geneticists concluded about psychological traits like intelligence and personality?

<p>They are influenced considerably by genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In understanding human behavior, what do more psychologists now recognize?

<p>Both environment and genes play a significant role.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which debate focuses on the relative contributions of genetics and environmental factors to human behavior?

<p>Nature vs. Nurture</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which research method has been used by behavior geneticists to study the influence of genes on psychological traits?

<p>Twin and adoption studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did British philosopher John Locke believe in terms of human development?

<p>'Tabula rasa' shapes individuals through environmental experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main takeaway from behavior geneticists' studies on psychological traits?

<p>'Psychological traits are considerably influenced by genes.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Nature vs. Nurture' refers to a debate about the relative influence of:

<p>'Environmental vs. Genetic factors'</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Idiographic vs. Nomothetic' debate is concerned with:

<p>'Individual uniqueness vs. General laws'</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosophical concept suggests that the mind and body are separate entities?

<p>Dualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Empirical psychology emphasizes:

<p>The study of observable behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological perspective focuses on the interaction between the mind and body?

<p>Functionalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Structuralism' in psychology is primarily associated with:

<p>Analyzing conscious experiences into basic elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological concept emphasizes that understanding human behavior requires considering both internal mental processes and external behavior?

<p>Interactionism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main emphasis of Max Wertheimer's Gestalt viewpoint?

<p>Significance of organization of elements over individual elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

In psychology, what is the primary focus of interactionism?

<p>The interplay between free will, determinism, and future goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept does dualism propose about the mind and body?

<p>They are distinct entities</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which belief was criticized by psychologists who argued for self-actualization in human growth?

<p>Conditions of worth leading to lack of fulfillment</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes functionalism from structuralism in psychology?

<p>Focus on structural components vs. focus on mental functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosophical concept suggests that the mind and body are distinct entities?

<p>Dualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the belief that mind can influence body and vice versa, as mentioned in the text?

<p>Interactionism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosophical perspective emphasized breaking down consciousness into its basic components for analysis?

<p>Structuralism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who proposed that the human mind could be studied through empirical means, leading to the emergence of psychology as a scientific field?

<p>Wilhelm Wundt</p> Signup and view all the answers

What conclusion did philosophers reach about reasoning in relation to answering questions about the human mind?

<p>Reasoning needed to be combined with observations for understanding the human mind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did William James criticize about the approach of breaking consciousness into elements?

<p>It leads to oversimplification of consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did John B. Watson emphasize as the core focus of behaviorism?

<p>Observable and measurable behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term did John B. Watson use to describe behaviorism, indicating a focus on observable actions?

<p>'Black box psychology'</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the core principle underlying behaviorism in its study of human behavior?

<p>Correlating observable events with behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner contribute to the development of psychology according to the text?

<p>By advocating for strict experimental procedures and emphasizing observable behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to sociobiologists, why are human beings equipped with certain psychological systems?

<p>To enhance survival and reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach suggests that free will and determinism are not mutually exclusive?

<p>Interactionism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept does Skinner believe influences human behavior significantly?

<p>Determinism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosophical concept emphasizes the distinction between the mind and body as separate entities?

<p>Dualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of psychology, which approach focuses on breaking down consciousness into its component elements?

<p>Structuralism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with founding the first formal laboratory for research in psychology?

<p>Wilhelm Wundt</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which early psychological approach proposed that psychology should focus on analyzing the contents of consciousness?

<p>Functionalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term did Darwin suggest to describe the concept of the fittest individuals passing on their genes?

<p>Natural Selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosophical concept suggests that the mind and body are separate entities?

<p>Dualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which early belief proposed that psychology should focus on analyzing the structure of conscious mind by breaking it down into its component elements?

<p>Structuralism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of functionalism in psychology?

<p>Studying observable behavior and its purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept in psychology suggests that the mind and body are separate entities?

<p>Dualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach was backed by William James and focused on analyzing the consciousness by breaking it down into its component elements?

<p>Structuralism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the belief that human behavior is influenced by both internal mental processes and external behavior?

<p>Interactionism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does empirical psychology emphasize?

<p>Observable behavior and its purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept suggests that the mind and body are interconnected and influence each other?

<p>Interactionism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern of functionalism in psychology?

<p>Studying observable behavior and its purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which movement in psychology focuses on analyzing consciousness into its basic parts?

<p>Structuralism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Danielle need to focus on to improve her grades in second year?

<p>Having a new mind-set</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, why did Danielle not perform as well as she expected in her first year at UWI?

<p>Inability to study for long hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest is one of Danielle's strategies for academic success?

<p>Being more focused</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key quality is highlighted about Danielle in the text?

<p>Confidence in her abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Danielle believe is crucial for her success in academics?

<p>Being more focused</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of decision-making is highlighted in Danielle's situation?

<p>Adapting with a new mind-set</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Danielle's journey, what does the text emphasize as a critical factor for success?

<p>Confidence in one's abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the obstacles to critical thinking mentioned in the text?

<p>Ignoring pertinent information</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step in achieving critical thinking involves identifying the problem and understanding it?

<p>Acquiring knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized in the step of critical thinking that involves building a relationship between information and available resources?

<p>Accepting a deadline</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept involves acting on the developed direction in the process of critical thinking?

<p>Taking action</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common obstacle to critical thinking as mentioned in the text?

<p>Overreliance on personal abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

In achieving critical thinking, which step involves developing routes to solving a problem and prioritizing multiple solutions?

<p>Synthesize</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect emphasized in the definition of critical thinking provided in the text?

<p>Using information to guide belief and action</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which critical thinking principle emphasizes the consideration of all possible alternative explanations for a finding?

<p>Ruling out rival hypotheses</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the Scientific Method, which principle warns against assuming causation from mere correlation?

<p>Correlation isn’t causation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of critical thinking focuses on the ability to disprove a claim?

<p>Falsifiability</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of critical thinking assesses whether research findings can be consistently reproduced in other studies?

<p>Replicability</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle 'Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence' suggest in the context of critical thinking?

<p>Common claims need little evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is falsifiability considered an important principle in critical thinking?

<p>To ensure claims can be disproven if incorrect</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Replicability' in critical thinking is essential because it helps to:

<p>Ensure results can be consistently duplicated</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Correlation isn’t causation' principle aims to prevent:

<p>Accepting all correlations as causal links</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of Danielle's approach to academics is highlighted in the text?

<p>Her reliance on a single method</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which critical thinking principle is exemplified by Danielle's readiness to start second year with a new mind-set?

<p>Open-mindedness</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Danielle's primary concern according to the text?

<p>Improving her focus</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the given context, what does Danielle believe is essential for her academic success?

<p>Being more focused and changing her mind-set</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Danielle's distinguishing feature in her academic journey according to the text?

<p>She is known for her confidence but underperformed in university</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is likely to be the main reason behind Danielle's change in mindset for the upcoming year based on the text?

<p>To improve her performance after underperforming previously</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental principle of critical thinking, according to the National Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking?

<p>Actively and skilfully evaluating information for belief and action</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT listed as an obstacle to critical thinking in the text?

<p>Focusing on available resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the third basic step in achieving critical thinking as outlined in the text?

<p>Application</p> Signup and view all the answers

In critical thinking, what does the step 'Synthesize' primarily involve?

<p>Developing multiple solutions prioritized</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did John Locke believe was necessary for human development?

<p>Understanding the problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT emphasized in the 6 Basic Steps to Achieve Critical Thinking?

<p>Taking no action</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Inflexible focus on previous situations' as an obstacle to critical thinking suggests:

<p>'Sticking rigidly to past experiences'</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which critical thinking principle emphasizes the need to consider important alternate explanations for a finding?

<p>Ruling out rival hypotheses</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle of critical thinking focuses on the idea that not every claim should be automatically assumed to be true?

<p>Falsifiability</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of critical thinking emphasizes the importance of being able to duplicate study results in other research?

<p>Replicability</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for claims to be falsifiable in critical thinking?

<p>To allow for the possibility of being disproven</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of critical thinking suggests that just because two events are related, one does not necessarily cause the other?

<p>Correlation isn’t causation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle of critical thinking highlights the need for strong evidence when making claims that contradict established knowledge?

<p>Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

In critical thinking, which principle focuses on the importance of being able to replicate research findings reliably?

<p>'Replicability'</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which critical thinking principle emphasizes the necessity for claims to be open to potential disproof?

<p>'Falsifiability'</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Introduction to Psychology

  • Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and cognitive processes (Baron, 2001)
  • It involves the study of the mind and the brain (Lilienfeld et al, 2008)

Key Terms

  • Behavior: any observable action or reaction of a living organism
  • Cognitive processes: every aspect of our mental life, including thoughts, memories, mental images, reasoning, and decision making
  • Mind and Brain: distinct entities, but often used interchangeably

Levels of Analysis

  • Biological influences: molecules to brain structures
  • Social influences
  • Cultural influences

Understanding Human Behavior

  • Past behavior is the best predictor of future behavior (Paul Meehl)
  • Multiple variables influence behavior, making it difficult to predict
  • Multicollinearity often exists when understanding human behavior

Challenges in Psychology

  • Lack of awareness of psychological influences
  • People influence each other
  • Psychological concepts are difficult to define
  • Limits to how well our brain can understand itself

Research Considerations

  • Psychological subjects usually know they are being studied
  • Individuals are unique

Historical Background

  • Wilhelm Wundt: founded the first formal laboratory for research in psychology (1879)
  • G. Stanley Hall: student of Wundt, founded the first laboratory of Psychology at John Hopkins (1883)

Theoretical Approaches

Structuralism

  • Backed by Wilhelm Wundt
  • Focus on analyzing the contents of consciousness
  • Involves breaking down the conscious mind into its component elements
  • Can be done through introspection
  • Did not last long beyond Titchener's death

Functionalism

  • Backed by William James
  • Focus on the conscious mind
  • Influenced by Charles Darwin and his evolutionary theory
  • Concerned with the ongoing use of conscious experience
  • James argued that consciousness cannot be broken into elements, coining the phrase "stream of consciousness"

Behaviorism

  • Backed by John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner
  • Focus on observable behavior
  • Advocates for the use of strict experimental procedures to study behavior
  • Only concerned with behavior that can be observed and measured
  • Referred to as the 'black box psychology'

Psychoanalytic Theory

  • Backed by Sigmund Freud
  • Focus on the role of the unconscious and other internal processes in human behavior and mental disorders
  • symbols in our everyday lives can help us understand the unconscious
  • The psychoanalyst helps to decode these symbols to resolve conflicts

Humanistic Theory

  • Focus on people's free will and personal growth
  • People are motivated by future goals and the desire for personal growth
  • Conditions of growth are necessary for self-actualization
  • Conditions of worth lead to lack of fulfillment, incongruence, and distress

Evolutionary Psychology

  • Human beings are equipped with certain psychological systems to survive and reproduce
  • Suggests the term "survival of the fittest"
  • Criticisms: evolutionary predictions are difficult to test, and explanations are superficial

Debates in Psychology

Nature vs. Nurture

  • Ongoing debate
  • Both environment and genes play a role in understanding human behavior
  • Confusion arises when measuring certain characteristics and determining their causes

Free Will vs. Determinism

  • Are we free to do what we want when we want?

  • Free will is considered an illusion by many psychologists

  • Compatibilists propose that free will and determinism are not mutually exclusive### Critical Thinking

  • Critical thinking is an intellectually disciplined process of actively and skilfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action.

Obstacles to Critical Thinking

  • Inflexible focus on previous situations
  • Being affected by emotions
  • Not prioritizing facts
  • Allowing extraneous situations to influence thinking
  • Not considering alternatives
  • Ignoring pertinent information
  • Overreliance on personal abilities
  • Pride
  • Self deception (e.g., Excessive rationalisation)

6 Basic Steps to Achieve Critical Thinking

  • Acquiring Knowledge: Is there a problem?; Identifying the problem; understanding the problem.
  • Comprehension: understanding the situation/facts; gathering data; accepting a deadline
  • Application: building a relationship between the information and the resources available
  • Analyze: identify strengths, weaknesses, challenges in solving problem.
  • Synthesize: develop routes to solving the problem; multiple solutions prioritized
  • Take Action: Acting on the developed direction.

Critical Thinking and the Scientific Method

  • Scientific Method: A set of skills for evaluating all claims in an open-minded and careful fashion.
  • This allows us to overcome our own biases (especially the confirmation bias).

Six Critical Thinking Principles

  • Ruling out rival hypotheses: Have important alternate explanations for the finding been considered?
  • Correlation isn’t causation: Can we be sure A causes B?
  • Falsifiability: Can the claim be disproven?
  • Replicability: Can the results be duplicated in other studies?
  • Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence: Is the evidence as convincing as the claims?

Critical Thinking Questions

  • How do I make decisions?
  • How do I solve problems?
  • Do I really check the evidence?
  • Do I just follow the trend?
  • Do I just follow my “mind”?
  • Do I ask for a second opinion?
  • Do I just stick to one method?

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