Philosophy: Perceptions, Free Will, Nature vs Nurture, Mind-Body Connection
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Questions and Answers

Who coined the term 'stream of consciousness'?

  • John B. Watson
  • Charles Darwin
  • B.F. Skinner
  • William James (correct)

    • Which movement in psychology focuses on observable behavior and strict experimental procedures?

  • Functionalism
  • Behaviorism (correct)
  • Applied Psychology
  • Consciousness Psychology

    • What did John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner back in psychology?

  • Applied Psychology
  • Consciousness Psychology
  • Functionalism
  • Behaviorism (correct)

    • What concept did Behaviorism refer to as 'black box psychology'?

    <p>Explaining relationships between stimuli, responses, and consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological approach focuses on the purposes of consciousness and behavior?

    <p>Functionalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to evolutionary psychology, why are human beings equipped with certain psychological systems?

    <p>To survive and reproduce</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term did Darwin suggest to describe the concept of the fittest individuals passing on their genes?

    <p>Survival of the fittest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do behaviorists like Skinner believe influences our behaviors, according to the text?

    <p>Automatic responses to environmental cues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which perspective proposes that free will and determinism are not mutually exclusive?

    <p>Compatibilism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychologist was the first to advance the Gestalt viewpoint?

    <p>Max Wertheimer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does evolutionary psychology view the relationship between human psychological systems and survival?

    <p>As mechanisms for survival and reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Sigmund Freud emphasize in his work on human behavior and mental disorders?

    <p>The role of the unconscious and internal processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept suggests that people are motivated by future goals and personal growth?

    <p>Self-actualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the critical multiplism approach in psychology focus on understanding?

    <p>Human behavior through multiple perspectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do conditions of worth impact an individual according to the text?

    <p>Bring about distress and incongruence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is considered the 'father of modern psychology'?

    <p>Wilhelm Wundt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychologist proposed that psychology should focus on analyzing the contents of consciousness?

    <p>Wilhelm Wundt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who founded the first formal laboratory for research in psychology?

    <p>Wilhelm Wundt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach to psychology was backed by William James and focused on analyzing the consciousness by breaking it down into its component elements?

    <p>Functionalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological theory was criticized by Wilhelm Wundt as 'literature'?

    <p>Functionalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Watson's theory primarily concerned with?

    <p>The effects of stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Watson, why should internal mental states not be part of psychology?

    <p>They cannot be studied scientifically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Watson differ from critics regarding the focus of psychology?

    <p>Watson focused on overt responses to stimuli, while critics emphasized consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of psychologists criticized Behaviorism for oversimplifying human behavior?

    <p>Gestalt psychologists, Psychoanalytic, humanistic, and cognitive theorists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the behavioristic approach emphasize in psychology?

    <p>Objectivity and laws of learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosophical concept suggests that the mind and body are distinct entities?

    <p>Dualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known for proposing that the mind can influence the body and vice versa?

    <p>G. Stanley Hall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientific method was used by physiologists to answer questions about the nervous system and senses?

    <p>Empirical method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which early belief suggested that human behaviors are determined by either genes or environment?

    <p>Nativism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is associated with the scientific field of psychology's emergence through empirical means?

    <p>Wilhelm Wundt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did British philosopher John Locke propose about human nature?

    <p>Humans are born as blank slates shaped by the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did early psychologists believe influenced human behavior the most?

    <p>Learning from the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What have behavior geneticists concluded about psychological traits like intelligence and personality?

    <p>They are influenced considerably by genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In understanding human behavior, what do more psychologists now recognize?

    <p>Both environment and genes play a significant role.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which debate focuses on the relative contributions of genetics and environmental factors to human behavior?

    <p>Nature vs. Nurture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which research method has been used by behavior geneticists to study the influence of genes on psychological traits?

    <p>Twin and adoption studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did British philosopher John Locke believe in terms of human development?

    <p>'Tabula rasa' shapes individuals through environmental experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main takeaway from behavior geneticists' studies on psychological traits?

    <p>'Psychological traits are considerably influenced by genes.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Nature vs. Nurture' refers to a debate about the relative influence of:

    <p>'Environmental vs. Genetic factors'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Idiographic vs. Nomothetic' debate is concerned with:

    <p>'Individual uniqueness vs. General laws'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosophical concept suggests that the mind and body are separate entities?

    <p>Dualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Empirical psychology emphasizes:

    <p>The study of observable behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological perspective focuses on the interaction between the mind and body?

    <p>Functionalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Structuralism' in psychology is primarily associated with:

    <p>Analyzing conscious experiences into basic elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological concept emphasizes that understanding human behavior requires considering both internal mental processes and external behavior?

    <p>Interactionism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main emphasis of Max Wertheimer's Gestalt viewpoint?

    <p>Significance of organization of elements over individual elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In psychology, what is the primary focus of interactionism?

    <p>The interplay between free will, determinism, and future goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept does dualism propose about the mind and body?

    <p>They are distinct entities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which belief was criticized by psychologists who argued for self-actualization in human growth?

    <p>Conditions of worth leading to lack of fulfillment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes functionalism from structuralism in psychology?

    <p>Focus on structural components vs. focus on mental functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosophical concept suggests that the mind and body are distinct entities?

    <p>Dualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the belief that mind can influence body and vice versa, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Interactionism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosophical perspective emphasized breaking down consciousness into its basic components for analysis?

    <p>Structuralism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who proposed that the human mind could be studied through empirical means, leading to the emergence of psychology as a scientific field?

    <p>Wilhelm Wundt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conclusion did philosophers reach about reasoning in relation to answering questions about the human mind?

    <p>Reasoning needed to be combined with observations for understanding the human mind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did William James criticize about the approach of breaking consciousness into elements?

    <p>It leads to oversimplification of consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did John B. Watson emphasize as the core focus of behaviorism?

    <p>Observable and measurable behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term did John B. Watson use to describe behaviorism, indicating a focus on observable actions?

    <p>'Black box psychology'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the core principle underlying behaviorism in its study of human behavior?

    <p>Correlating observable events with behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner contribute to the development of psychology according to the text?

    <p>By advocating for strict experimental procedures and emphasizing observable behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to sociobiologists, why are human beings equipped with certain psychological systems?

    <p>To enhance survival and reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach suggests that free will and determinism are not mutually exclusive?

    <p>Interactionism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept does Skinner believe influences human behavior significantly?

    <p>Determinism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosophical concept emphasizes the distinction between the mind and body as separate entities?

    <p>Dualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of psychology, which approach focuses on breaking down consciousness into its component elements?

    <p>Structuralism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with founding the first formal laboratory for research in psychology?

    <p>Wilhelm Wundt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which early psychological approach proposed that psychology should focus on analyzing the contents of consciousness?

    <p>Functionalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term did Darwin suggest to describe the concept of the fittest individuals passing on their genes?

    <p>Natural Selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosophical concept suggests that the mind and body are separate entities?

    <p>Dualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which early belief proposed that psychology should focus on analyzing the structure of conscious mind by breaking it down into its component elements?

    <p>Structuralism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of functionalism in psychology?

    <p>Studying observable behavior and its purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept in psychology suggests that the mind and body are separate entities?

    <p>Dualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach was backed by William James and focused on analyzing the consciousness by breaking it down into its component elements?

    <p>Structuralism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the belief that human behavior is influenced by both internal mental processes and external behavior?

    <p>Interactionism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does empirical psychology emphasize?

    <p>Observable behavior and its purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept suggests that the mind and body are interconnected and influence each other?

    <p>Interactionism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern of functionalism in psychology?

    <p>Studying observable behavior and its purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which movement in psychology focuses on analyzing consciousness into its basic parts?

    <p>Structuralism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Danielle need to focus on to improve her grades in second year?

    <p>Having a new mind-set</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the text, why did Danielle not perform as well as she expected in her first year at UWI?

    <p>Inability to study for long hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest is one of Danielle's strategies for academic success?

    <p>Being more focused</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key quality is highlighted about Danielle in the text?

    <p>Confidence in her abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Danielle believe is crucial for her success in academics?

    <p>Being more focused</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of decision-making is highlighted in Danielle's situation?

    <p>Adapting with a new mind-set</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Danielle's journey, what does the text emphasize as a critical factor for success?

    <p>Confidence in one's abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the obstacles to critical thinking mentioned in the text?

    <p>Ignoring pertinent information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step in achieving critical thinking involves identifying the problem and understanding it?

    <p>Acquiring knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is emphasized in the step of critical thinking that involves building a relationship between information and available resources?

    <p>Accepting a deadline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept involves acting on the developed direction in the process of critical thinking?

    <p>Taking action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common obstacle to critical thinking as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Overreliance on personal abilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In achieving critical thinking, which step involves developing routes to solving a problem and prioritizing multiple solutions?

    <p>Synthesize</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect emphasized in the definition of critical thinking provided in the text?

    <p>Using information to guide belief and action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which critical thinking principle emphasizes the consideration of all possible alternative explanations for a finding?

    <p>Ruling out rival hypotheses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the Scientific Method, which principle warns against assuming causation from mere correlation?

    <p>Correlation isn’t causation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle of critical thinking focuses on the ability to disprove a claim?

    <p>Falsifiability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of critical thinking assesses whether research findings can be consistently reproduced in other studies?

    <p>Replicability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the principle 'Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence' suggest in the context of critical thinking?

    <p>Common claims need little evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is falsifiability considered an important principle in critical thinking?

    <p>To ensure claims can be disproven if incorrect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Replicability' in critical thinking is essential because it helps to:

    <p>Ensure results can be consistently duplicated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Correlation isn’t causation' principle aims to prevent:

    <p>Accepting all correlations as causal links</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of Danielle's approach to academics is highlighted in the text?

    <p>Her reliance on a single method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which critical thinking principle is exemplified by Danielle's readiness to start second year with a new mind-set?

    <p>Open-mindedness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Danielle's primary concern according to the text?

    <p>Improving her focus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the given context, what does Danielle believe is essential for her academic success?

    <p>Being more focused and changing her mind-set</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Danielle's distinguishing feature in her academic journey according to the text?

    <p>She is known for her confidence but underperformed in university</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is likely to be the main reason behind Danielle's change in mindset for the upcoming year based on the text?

    <p>To improve her performance after underperforming previously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fundamental principle of critical thinking, according to the National Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking?

    <p>Actively and skilfully evaluating information for belief and action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT listed as an obstacle to critical thinking in the text?

    <p>Focusing on available resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the third basic step in achieving critical thinking as outlined in the text?

    <p>Application</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In critical thinking, what does the step 'Synthesize' primarily involve?

    <p>Developing multiple solutions prioritized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did John Locke believe was necessary for human development?

    <p>Understanding the problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT emphasized in the 6 Basic Steps to Achieve Critical Thinking?

    <p>Taking no action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Inflexible focus on previous situations' as an obstacle to critical thinking suggests:

    <p>'Sticking rigidly to past experiences'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which critical thinking principle emphasizes the need to consider important alternate explanations for a finding?

    <p>Ruling out rival hypotheses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle of critical thinking focuses on the idea that not every claim should be automatically assumed to be true?

    <p>Falsifiability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle of critical thinking emphasizes the importance of being able to duplicate study results in other research?

    <p>Replicability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for claims to be falsifiable in critical thinking?

    <p>To allow for the possibility of being disproven</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle of critical thinking suggests that just because two events are related, one does not necessarily cause the other?

    <p>Correlation isn’t causation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle of critical thinking highlights the need for strong evidence when making claims that contradict established knowledge?

    <p>Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In critical thinking, which principle focuses on the importance of being able to replicate research findings reliably?

    <p>'Replicability'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which critical thinking principle emphasizes the necessity for claims to be open to potential disproof?

    <p>'Falsifiability'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Psychology

    • Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and cognitive processes (Baron, 2001)
    • It involves the study of the mind and the brain (Lilienfeld et al, 2008)

    Key Terms

    • Behavior: any observable action or reaction of a living organism
    • Cognitive processes: every aspect of our mental life, including thoughts, memories, mental images, reasoning, and decision making
    • Mind and Brain: distinct entities, but often used interchangeably

    Levels of Analysis

    • Biological influences: molecules to brain structures
    • Social influences
    • Cultural influences

    Understanding Human Behavior

    • Past behavior is the best predictor of future behavior (Paul Meehl)
    • Multiple variables influence behavior, making it difficult to predict
    • Multicollinearity often exists when understanding human behavior

    Challenges in Psychology

    • Lack of awareness of psychological influences
    • People influence each other
    • Psychological concepts are difficult to define
    • Limits to how well our brain can understand itself

    Research Considerations

    • Psychological subjects usually know they are being studied
    • Individuals are unique

    Historical Background

    • Wilhelm Wundt: founded the first formal laboratory for research in psychology (1879)
    • G. Stanley Hall: student of Wundt, founded the first laboratory of Psychology at John Hopkins (1883)

    Theoretical Approaches

    Structuralism

    • Backed by Wilhelm Wundt
    • Focus on analyzing the contents of consciousness
    • Involves breaking down the conscious mind into its component elements
    • Can be done through introspection
    • Did not last long beyond Titchener's death

    Functionalism

    • Backed by William James
    • Focus on the conscious mind
    • Influenced by Charles Darwin and his evolutionary theory
    • Concerned with the ongoing use of conscious experience
    • James argued that consciousness cannot be broken into elements, coining the phrase "stream of consciousness"

    Behaviorism

    • Backed by John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner
    • Focus on observable behavior
    • Advocates for the use of strict experimental procedures to study behavior
    • Only concerned with behavior that can be observed and measured
    • Referred to as the 'black box psychology'

    Psychoanalytic Theory

    • Backed by Sigmund Freud
    • Focus on the role of the unconscious and other internal processes in human behavior and mental disorders
    • symbols in our everyday lives can help us understand the unconscious
    • The psychoanalyst helps to decode these symbols to resolve conflicts

    Humanistic Theory

    • Focus on people's free will and personal growth
    • People are motivated by future goals and the desire for personal growth
    • Conditions of growth are necessary for self-actualization
    • Conditions of worth lead to lack of fulfillment, incongruence, and distress

    Evolutionary Psychology

    • Human beings are equipped with certain psychological systems to survive and reproduce
    • Suggests the term "survival of the fittest"
    • Criticisms: evolutionary predictions are difficult to test, and explanations are superficial

    Debates in Psychology

    Nature vs. Nurture

    • Ongoing debate
    • Both environment and genes play a role in understanding human behavior
    • Confusion arises when measuring certain characteristics and determining their causes

    Free Will vs. Determinism

    • Are we free to do what we want when we want?

    • Free will is considered an illusion by many psychologists

    • Compatibilists propose that free will and determinism are not mutually exclusive### Critical Thinking

    • Critical thinking is an intellectually disciplined process of actively and skilfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action.

    Obstacles to Critical Thinking

    • Inflexible focus on previous situations
    • Being affected by emotions
    • Not prioritizing facts
    • Allowing extraneous situations to influence thinking
    • Not considering alternatives
    • Ignoring pertinent information
    • Overreliance on personal abilities
    • Pride
    • Self deception (e.g., Excessive rationalisation)

    6 Basic Steps to Achieve Critical Thinking

    • Acquiring Knowledge: Is there a problem?; Identifying the problem; understanding the problem.
    • Comprehension: understanding the situation/facts; gathering data; accepting a deadline
    • Application: building a relationship between the information and the resources available
    • Analyze: identify strengths, weaknesses, challenges in solving problem.
    • Synthesize: develop routes to solving the problem; multiple solutions prioritized
    • Take Action: Acting on the developed direction.

    Critical Thinking and the Scientific Method

    • Scientific Method: A set of skills for evaluating all claims in an open-minded and careful fashion.
    • This allows us to overcome our own biases (especially the confirmation bias).

    Six Critical Thinking Principles

    • Ruling out rival hypotheses: Have important alternate explanations for the finding been considered?
    • Correlation isn’t causation: Can we be sure A causes B?
    • Falsifiability: Can the claim be disproven?
    • Replicability: Can the results be duplicated in other studies?
    • Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence: Is the evidence as convincing as the claims?

    Critical Thinking Questions

    • How do I make decisions?
    • How do I solve problems?
    • Do I really check the evidence?
    • Do I just follow the trend?
    • Do I just follow my “mind”?
    • Do I ask for a second opinion?
    • Do I just stick to one method?

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    Explore philosophical questions related to perception of the world, free will, nature vs nurture, and mind-body connection. Delve into the impact of culture on individual behavior and the link between thoughts, feelings, and consciousness.

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