Podcast
Questions and Answers
Who coined the term 'stream of consciousness'?
Who coined the term 'stream of consciousness'?
- John B. Watson
- Charles Darwin
- B.F. Skinner
- William James (correct)
Which movement in psychology focuses on observable behavior and strict experimental procedures?
Which movement in psychology focuses on observable behavior and strict experimental procedures?
- Functionalism
- Behaviorism (correct)
- Applied Psychology
- Consciousness Psychology
What did John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner back in psychology?
What did John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner back in psychology?
- Applied Psychology
- Consciousness Psychology
- Functionalism
- Behaviorism (correct)
What concept did Behaviorism refer to as 'black box psychology'?
What concept did Behaviorism refer to as 'black box psychology'?
Which psychological approach focuses on the purposes of consciousness and behavior?
Which psychological approach focuses on the purposes of consciousness and behavior?
According to evolutionary psychology, why are human beings equipped with certain psychological systems?
According to evolutionary psychology, why are human beings equipped with certain psychological systems?
What term did Darwin suggest to describe the concept of the fittest individuals passing on their genes?
What term did Darwin suggest to describe the concept of the fittest individuals passing on their genes?
What do behaviorists like Skinner believe influences our behaviors, according to the text?
What do behaviorists like Skinner believe influences our behaviors, according to the text?
Which perspective proposes that free will and determinism are not mutually exclusive?
Which perspective proposes that free will and determinism are not mutually exclusive?
Which psychologist was the first to advance the Gestalt viewpoint?
Which psychologist was the first to advance the Gestalt viewpoint?
How does evolutionary psychology view the relationship between human psychological systems and survival?
How does evolutionary psychology view the relationship between human psychological systems and survival?
What did Sigmund Freud emphasize in his work on human behavior and mental disorders?
What did Sigmund Freud emphasize in his work on human behavior and mental disorders?
Which concept suggests that people are motivated by future goals and personal growth?
Which concept suggests that people are motivated by future goals and personal growth?
What does the critical multiplism approach in psychology focus on understanding?
What does the critical multiplism approach in psychology focus on understanding?
How do conditions of worth impact an individual according to the text?
How do conditions of worth impact an individual according to the text?
Who is considered the 'father of modern psychology'?
Who is considered the 'father of modern psychology'?
Which psychologist proposed that psychology should focus on analyzing the contents of consciousness?
Which psychologist proposed that psychology should focus on analyzing the contents of consciousness?
Who founded the first formal laboratory for research in psychology?
Who founded the first formal laboratory for research in psychology?
Which approach to psychology was backed by William James and focused on analyzing the consciousness by breaking it down into its component elements?
Which approach to psychology was backed by William James and focused on analyzing the consciousness by breaking it down into its component elements?
Which psychological theory was criticized by Wilhelm Wundt as 'literature'?
Which psychological theory was criticized by Wilhelm Wundt as 'literature'?
What was Watson's theory primarily concerned with?
What was Watson's theory primarily concerned with?
According to Watson, why should internal mental states not be part of psychology?
According to Watson, why should internal mental states not be part of psychology?
How did Watson differ from critics regarding the focus of psychology?
How did Watson differ from critics regarding the focus of psychology?
Which group of psychologists criticized Behaviorism for oversimplifying human behavior?
Which group of psychologists criticized Behaviorism for oversimplifying human behavior?
What does the behavioristic approach emphasize in psychology?
What does the behavioristic approach emphasize in psychology?
Which philosophical concept suggests that the mind and body are distinct entities?
Which philosophical concept suggests that the mind and body are distinct entities?
Who is known for proposing that the mind can influence the body and vice versa?
Who is known for proposing that the mind can influence the body and vice versa?
Which scientific method was used by physiologists to answer questions about the nervous system and senses?
Which scientific method was used by physiologists to answer questions about the nervous system and senses?
Which early belief suggested that human behaviors are determined by either genes or environment?
Which early belief suggested that human behaviors are determined by either genes or environment?
Who is associated with the scientific field of psychology's emergence through empirical means?
Who is associated with the scientific field of psychology's emergence through empirical means?
What did British philosopher John Locke propose about human nature?
What did British philosopher John Locke propose about human nature?
What did early psychologists believe influenced human behavior the most?
What did early psychologists believe influenced human behavior the most?
What have behavior geneticists concluded about psychological traits like intelligence and personality?
What have behavior geneticists concluded about psychological traits like intelligence and personality?
In understanding human behavior, what do more psychologists now recognize?
In understanding human behavior, what do more psychologists now recognize?
Which debate focuses on the relative contributions of genetics and environmental factors to human behavior?
Which debate focuses on the relative contributions of genetics and environmental factors to human behavior?
Which research method has been used by behavior geneticists to study the influence of genes on psychological traits?
Which research method has been used by behavior geneticists to study the influence of genes on psychological traits?
What did British philosopher John Locke believe in terms of human development?
What did British philosopher John Locke believe in terms of human development?
What is the main takeaway from behavior geneticists' studies on psychological traits?
What is the main takeaway from behavior geneticists' studies on psychological traits?
'Nature vs. Nurture' refers to a debate about the relative influence of:
'Nature vs. Nurture' refers to a debate about the relative influence of:
'Idiographic vs. Nomothetic' debate is concerned with:
'Idiographic vs. Nomothetic' debate is concerned with:
Which philosophical concept suggests that the mind and body are separate entities?
Which philosophical concept suggests that the mind and body are separate entities?
Empirical psychology emphasizes:
Empirical psychology emphasizes:
Which psychological perspective focuses on the interaction between the mind and body?
Which psychological perspective focuses on the interaction between the mind and body?
'Structuralism' in psychology is primarily associated with:
'Structuralism' in psychology is primarily associated with:
Which psychological concept emphasizes that understanding human behavior requires considering both internal mental processes and external behavior?
Which psychological concept emphasizes that understanding human behavior requires considering both internal mental processes and external behavior?
What was the main emphasis of Max Wertheimer's Gestalt viewpoint?
What was the main emphasis of Max Wertheimer's Gestalt viewpoint?
In psychology, what is the primary focus of interactionism?
In psychology, what is the primary focus of interactionism?
What concept does dualism propose about the mind and body?
What concept does dualism propose about the mind and body?
Which belief was criticized by psychologists who argued for self-actualization in human growth?
Which belief was criticized by psychologists who argued for self-actualization in human growth?
What distinguishes functionalism from structuralism in psychology?
What distinguishes functionalism from structuralism in psychology?
Which philosophical concept suggests that the mind and body are distinct entities?
Which philosophical concept suggests that the mind and body are distinct entities?
What is the term used to describe the belief that mind can influence body and vice versa, as mentioned in the text?
What is the term used to describe the belief that mind can influence body and vice versa, as mentioned in the text?
Which philosophical perspective emphasized breaking down consciousness into its basic components for analysis?
Which philosophical perspective emphasized breaking down consciousness into its basic components for analysis?
Who proposed that the human mind could be studied through empirical means, leading to the emergence of psychology as a scientific field?
Who proposed that the human mind could be studied through empirical means, leading to the emergence of psychology as a scientific field?
What conclusion did philosophers reach about reasoning in relation to answering questions about the human mind?
What conclusion did philosophers reach about reasoning in relation to answering questions about the human mind?
What did William James criticize about the approach of breaking consciousness into elements?
What did William James criticize about the approach of breaking consciousness into elements?
What did John B. Watson emphasize as the core focus of behaviorism?
What did John B. Watson emphasize as the core focus of behaviorism?
Which term did John B. Watson use to describe behaviorism, indicating a focus on observable actions?
Which term did John B. Watson use to describe behaviorism, indicating a focus on observable actions?
What is the core principle underlying behaviorism in its study of human behavior?
What is the core principle underlying behaviorism in its study of human behavior?
How did John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner contribute to the development of psychology according to the text?
How did John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner contribute to the development of psychology according to the text?
According to sociobiologists, why are human beings equipped with certain psychological systems?
According to sociobiologists, why are human beings equipped with certain psychological systems?
What approach suggests that free will and determinism are not mutually exclusive?
What approach suggests that free will and determinism are not mutually exclusive?
What concept does Skinner believe influences human behavior significantly?
What concept does Skinner believe influences human behavior significantly?
Which philosophical concept emphasizes the distinction between the mind and body as separate entities?
Which philosophical concept emphasizes the distinction between the mind and body as separate entities?
In the context of psychology, which approach focuses on breaking down consciousness into its component elements?
In the context of psychology, which approach focuses on breaking down consciousness into its component elements?
Who is credited with founding the first formal laboratory for research in psychology?
Who is credited with founding the first formal laboratory for research in psychology?
Which early psychological approach proposed that psychology should focus on analyzing the contents of consciousness?
Which early psychological approach proposed that psychology should focus on analyzing the contents of consciousness?
Which term did Darwin suggest to describe the concept of the fittest individuals passing on their genes?
Which term did Darwin suggest to describe the concept of the fittest individuals passing on their genes?
Which philosophical concept suggests that the mind and body are separate entities?
Which philosophical concept suggests that the mind and body are separate entities?
Which early belief proposed that psychology should focus on analyzing the structure of conscious mind by breaking it down into its component elements?
Which early belief proposed that psychology should focus on analyzing the structure of conscious mind by breaking it down into its component elements?
What is the main focus of functionalism in psychology?
What is the main focus of functionalism in psychology?
Which concept in psychology suggests that the mind and body are separate entities?
Which concept in psychology suggests that the mind and body are separate entities?
What approach was backed by William James and focused on analyzing the consciousness by breaking it down into its component elements?
What approach was backed by William James and focused on analyzing the consciousness by breaking it down into its component elements?
Which term refers to the belief that human behavior is influenced by both internal mental processes and external behavior?
Which term refers to the belief that human behavior is influenced by both internal mental processes and external behavior?
What does empirical psychology emphasize?
What does empirical psychology emphasize?
Which concept suggests that the mind and body are interconnected and influence each other?
Which concept suggests that the mind and body are interconnected and influence each other?
What is the primary concern of functionalism in psychology?
What is the primary concern of functionalism in psychology?
Which movement in psychology focuses on analyzing consciousness into its basic parts?
Which movement in psychology focuses on analyzing consciousness into its basic parts?
What does Danielle need to focus on to improve her grades in second year?
What does Danielle need to focus on to improve her grades in second year?
Based on the text, why did Danielle not perform as well as she expected in her first year at UWI?
Based on the text, why did Danielle not perform as well as she expected in her first year at UWI?
What does the text suggest is one of Danielle's strategies for academic success?
What does the text suggest is one of Danielle's strategies for academic success?
What key quality is highlighted about Danielle in the text?
What key quality is highlighted about Danielle in the text?
What does Danielle believe is crucial for her success in academics?
What does Danielle believe is crucial for her success in academics?
What aspect of decision-making is highlighted in Danielle's situation?
What aspect of decision-making is highlighted in Danielle's situation?
In Danielle's journey, what does the text emphasize as a critical factor for success?
In Danielle's journey, what does the text emphasize as a critical factor for success?
What is one of the obstacles to critical thinking mentioned in the text?
What is one of the obstacles to critical thinking mentioned in the text?
Which step in achieving critical thinking involves identifying the problem and understanding it?
Which step in achieving critical thinking involves identifying the problem and understanding it?
What is emphasized in the step of critical thinking that involves building a relationship between information and available resources?
What is emphasized in the step of critical thinking that involves building a relationship between information and available resources?
Which concept involves acting on the developed direction in the process of critical thinking?
Which concept involves acting on the developed direction in the process of critical thinking?
What is a common obstacle to critical thinking as mentioned in the text?
What is a common obstacle to critical thinking as mentioned in the text?
In achieving critical thinking, which step involves developing routes to solving a problem and prioritizing multiple solutions?
In achieving critical thinking, which step involves developing routes to solving a problem and prioritizing multiple solutions?
What is a key aspect emphasized in the definition of critical thinking provided in the text?
What is a key aspect emphasized in the definition of critical thinking provided in the text?
Which critical thinking principle emphasizes the consideration of all possible alternative explanations for a finding?
Which critical thinking principle emphasizes the consideration of all possible alternative explanations for a finding?
In the context of the Scientific Method, which principle warns against assuming causation from mere correlation?
In the context of the Scientific Method, which principle warns against assuming causation from mere correlation?
Which principle of critical thinking focuses on the ability to disprove a claim?
Which principle of critical thinking focuses on the ability to disprove a claim?
Which aspect of critical thinking assesses whether research findings can be consistently reproduced in other studies?
Which aspect of critical thinking assesses whether research findings can be consistently reproduced in other studies?
What does the principle 'Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence' suggest in the context of critical thinking?
What does the principle 'Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence' suggest in the context of critical thinking?
Why is falsifiability considered an important principle in critical thinking?
Why is falsifiability considered an important principle in critical thinking?
'Replicability' in critical thinking is essential because it helps to:
'Replicability' in critical thinking is essential because it helps to:
'Correlation isn’t causation' principle aims to prevent:
'Correlation isn’t causation' principle aims to prevent:
What aspect of Danielle's approach to academics is highlighted in the text?
What aspect of Danielle's approach to academics is highlighted in the text?
Which critical thinking principle is exemplified by Danielle's readiness to start second year with a new mind-set?
Which critical thinking principle is exemplified by Danielle's readiness to start second year with a new mind-set?
What is Danielle's primary concern according to the text?
What is Danielle's primary concern according to the text?
In the given context, what does Danielle believe is essential for her academic success?
In the given context, what does Danielle believe is essential for her academic success?
What is Danielle's distinguishing feature in her academic journey according to the text?
What is Danielle's distinguishing feature in her academic journey according to the text?
What is likely to be the main reason behind Danielle's change in mindset for the upcoming year based on the text?
What is likely to be the main reason behind Danielle's change in mindset for the upcoming year based on the text?
What is the fundamental principle of critical thinking, according to the National Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking?
What is the fundamental principle of critical thinking, according to the National Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking?
Which of the following is NOT listed as an obstacle to critical thinking in the text?
Which of the following is NOT listed as an obstacle to critical thinking in the text?
What is the third basic step in achieving critical thinking as outlined in the text?
What is the third basic step in achieving critical thinking as outlined in the text?
In critical thinking, what does the step 'Synthesize' primarily involve?
In critical thinking, what does the step 'Synthesize' primarily involve?
What did John Locke believe was necessary for human development?
What did John Locke believe was necessary for human development?
Which of the following is NOT emphasized in the 6 Basic Steps to Achieve Critical Thinking?
Which of the following is NOT emphasized in the 6 Basic Steps to Achieve Critical Thinking?
'Inflexible focus on previous situations' as an obstacle to critical thinking suggests:
'Inflexible focus on previous situations' as an obstacle to critical thinking suggests:
Which critical thinking principle emphasizes the need to consider important alternate explanations for a finding?
Which critical thinking principle emphasizes the need to consider important alternate explanations for a finding?
What principle of critical thinking focuses on the idea that not every claim should be automatically assumed to be true?
What principle of critical thinking focuses on the idea that not every claim should be automatically assumed to be true?
Which principle of critical thinking emphasizes the importance of being able to duplicate study results in other research?
Which principle of critical thinking emphasizes the importance of being able to duplicate study results in other research?
Why is it important for claims to be falsifiable in critical thinking?
Why is it important for claims to be falsifiable in critical thinking?
Which principle of critical thinking suggests that just because two events are related, one does not necessarily cause the other?
Which principle of critical thinking suggests that just because two events are related, one does not necessarily cause the other?
What principle of critical thinking highlights the need for strong evidence when making claims that contradict established knowledge?
What principle of critical thinking highlights the need for strong evidence when making claims that contradict established knowledge?
In critical thinking, which principle focuses on the importance of being able to replicate research findings reliably?
In critical thinking, which principle focuses on the importance of being able to replicate research findings reliably?
Which critical thinking principle emphasizes the necessity for claims to be open to potential disproof?
Which critical thinking principle emphasizes the necessity for claims to be open to potential disproof?
Study Notes
Introduction to Psychology
- Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and cognitive processes (Baron, 2001)
- It involves the study of the mind and the brain (Lilienfeld et al, 2008)
Key Terms
- Behavior: any observable action or reaction of a living organism
- Cognitive processes: every aspect of our mental life, including thoughts, memories, mental images, reasoning, and decision making
- Mind and Brain: distinct entities, but often used interchangeably
Levels of Analysis
- Biological influences: molecules to brain structures
- Social influences
- Cultural influences
Understanding Human Behavior
- Past behavior is the best predictor of future behavior (Paul Meehl)
- Multiple variables influence behavior, making it difficult to predict
- Multicollinearity often exists when understanding human behavior
Challenges in Psychology
- Lack of awareness of psychological influences
- People influence each other
- Psychological concepts are difficult to define
- Limits to how well our brain can understand itself
Research Considerations
- Psychological subjects usually know they are being studied
- Individuals are unique
Historical Background
- Wilhelm Wundt: founded the first formal laboratory for research in psychology (1879)
- G. Stanley Hall: student of Wundt, founded the first laboratory of Psychology at John Hopkins (1883)
Theoretical Approaches
Structuralism
- Backed by Wilhelm Wundt
- Focus on analyzing the contents of consciousness
- Involves breaking down the conscious mind into its component elements
- Can be done through introspection
- Did not last long beyond Titchener's death
Functionalism
- Backed by William James
- Focus on the conscious mind
- Influenced by Charles Darwin and his evolutionary theory
- Concerned with the ongoing use of conscious experience
- James argued that consciousness cannot be broken into elements, coining the phrase "stream of consciousness"
Behaviorism
- Backed by John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner
- Focus on observable behavior
- Advocates for the use of strict experimental procedures to study behavior
- Only concerned with behavior that can be observed and measured
- Referred to as the 'black box psychology'
Psychoanalytic Theory
- Backed by Sigmund Freud
- Focus on the role of the unconscious and other internal processes in human behavior and mental disorders
- symbols in our everyday lives can help us understand the unconscious
- The psychoanalyst helps to decode these symbols to resolve conflicts
Humanistic Theory
- Focus on people's free will and personal growth
- People are motivated by future goals and the desire for personal growth
- Conditions of growth are necessary for self-actualization
- Conditions of worth lead to lack of fulfillment, incongruence, and distress
Evolutionary Psychology
- Human beings are equipped with certain psychological systems to survive and reproduce
- Suggests the term "survival of the fittest"
- Criticisms: evolutionary predictions are difficult to test, and explanations are superficial
Debates in Psychology
Nature vs. Nurture
- Ongoing debate
- Both environment and genes play a role in understanding human behavior
- Confusion arises when measuring certain characteristics and determining their causes
Free Will vs. Determinism
-
Are we free to do what we want when we want?
-
Free will is considered an illusion by many psychologists
-
Compatibilists propose that free will and determinism are not mutually exclusive### Critical Thinking
-
Critical thinking is an intellectually disciplined process of actively and skilfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action.
Obstacles to Critical Thinking
- Inflexible focus on previous situations
- Being affected by emotions
- Not prioritizing facts
- Allowing extraneous situations to influence thinking
- Not considering alternatives
- Ignoring pertinent information
- Overreliance on personal abilities
- Pride
- Self deception (e.g., Excessive rationalisation)
6 Basic Steps to Achieve Critical Thinking
- Acquiring Knowledge: Is there a problem?; Identifying the problem; understanding the problem.
- Comprehension: understanding the situation/facts; gathering data; accepting a deadline
- Application: building a relationship between the information and the resources available
- Analyze: identify strengths, weaknesses, challenges in solving problem.
- Synthesize: develop routes to solving the problem; multiple solutions prioritized
- Take Action: Acting on the developed direction.
Critical Thinking and the Scientific Method
- Scientific Method: A set of skills for evaluating all claims in an open-minded and careful fashion.
- This allows us to overcome our own biases (especially the confirmation bias).
Six Critical Thinking Principles
- Ruling out rival hypotheses: Have important alternate explanations for the finding been considered?
- Correlation isn’t causation: Can we be sure A causes B?
- Falsifiability: Can the claim be disproven?
- Replicability: Can the results be duplicated in other studies?
- Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence: Is the evidence as convincing as the claims?
Critical Thinking Questions
- How do I make decisions?
- How do I solve problems?
- Do I really check the evidence?
- Do I just follow the trend?
- Do I just follow my “mind”?
- Do I ask for a second opinion?
- Do I just stick to one method?
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Description
Explore philosophical questions related to perception of the world, free will, nature vs nurture, and mind-body connection. Delve into the impact of culture on individual behavior and the link between thoughts, feelings, and consciousness.