Philosophy Overview: Love of Wisdom
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Philosophy Overview: Love of Wisdom

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Questions and Answers

What is meant by 'Formal Cause' in Aristotle's philosophy?

  • The form of an entity (correct)
  • What made the entity
  • The end or purpose of an entity
  • What an entity is made of

    • According to Aristotle, what is the relation between happiness and virtue?

  • Virtue is a condition for happiness through proper function (correct)
  • Happiness is found in pleasure alone
  • Virtue is unrelated to happiness
  • Happiness can exist without virtue

    • What aspect of human existence does Saint Augustine emphasize with regard to Free Will?

  • It has no impact on moral choices
  • It is an illusion that does not conflict with reason
  • It is a hindrance to achieving desire
  • It conflicts with Human Desire but is connected to the Soul & Reason (correct)

    • What does Aristotle identify as the primary goal of life?

    <p>Serving a purpose through reason</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the core belief of Saint Augustine regarding the state of man before Original Sin?

    <p>Man lived in harmony with God in the Garden of Eden</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Aristotle mean by the term 'the polis'?

    <p>The city or state that embodies collective well-being</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the two types of evil as per Saint Augustine?

    <p>Social evil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of 'Redemption' in Saint Augustine's philosophy?

    <p>It provides salvation from the Original Sin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'embodied soul' refer to in the philosophy of Saint Thomas Aquinas?

    <p>The integration of body and soul in human existence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which law represents human participation in the divine order according to Aquinas?

    <p>Natural Law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Aquinas, what remains after death?

    <p>The intellect and will of the soul</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of 'beatific vision'?

    <p>A perfect life experienced in eternal fellowship with God</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'unmoved mover' signify in Aquinas' rational proofs of God?

    <p>A being that causes motion without being moved itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of God is described as 'simple and has no body'?

    <p>God's essence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the 'Principle of Double Effect' in virtue ethics?

    <p>Acting with the intention of achieving a good effect while foreseeing a bad effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of law is characterized as revealed by scriptures?

    <p>Divine Law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the word 'philosophy' derive from?

    <p>Greek words meaning 'love of wisdom'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is known for the establishment of the Academy in ancient Greece?

    <p>Plato</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central focus of the work 'Summa Theologica' by Thomas Aquinas?

    <p>Christian philosophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosopher is associated with the critique of capitalism?

    <p>Karl Marx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What philosophical concept did Rene Descartes famously articulate?

    <p>Cartesian dualism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosopher emphasized the concept of 'absolute idealism' and the dialectical method?

    <p>Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Anthropocentrism' refer to in the context of Renaissance philosophy?

    <p>A focus on human-centered views of the universe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Medieval period, which philosophical stance was primarily associated with emphasizing God-centeredness?

    <p>Christian philosophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major work did Immanuel Kant write that focused on enlightenment and critical philosophy?

    <p>Critique of Pure Reason</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosopher is known for the idea of deconstruction, especially concerning language?

    <p>Jacques Derrida</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Descartes' statement 'I think, therefore I am'?

    <p>It suggests that self-awareness is the basis of knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle reflects Descartes' approach to scientific inquiry?

    <p>Every problem should be divided into simpler parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Descartes mean by 'Methodic Doubt'?

    <p>Doubting everything to arrive at a foundation of certainty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which meditation does Descartes discuss the existence of God?

    <p>Meditation III</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Descartes differentiate between the body and mind?

    <p>The body is mechanical while the mind is a control entity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Descartes argue about innate knowledge?

    <p>It exists independently of experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect distinguishes a 'Human Being' from other classifications of man?

    <p>Deepest natural behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of judgment according to Descartes?

    <p>An interaction between will and intellect for understanding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the quality of being an individual?

    <p>Personhood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which argument does Descartes use to assert God’s existence?

    <p>The concept of perfection implies God must exist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component that makes up a 'Human Person'?

    <p>Body, Mind, and Spirit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the Noble Truths in Buddhism primarily teach about suffering?

    <p>Suffering is inevitable due to desires</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Environmental Ethics, what is emphasized about humans and their role?

    <p>Humans are capable of transforming the world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the term 'Anthropocentrism' define the relationship between humans and the environment?

    <p>The environment is solely for human use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of 'Embodied Spirit'?

    <p>A combination of body and soul</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be recognized about the inherent value of man according to the content?

    <p>It is independent of material possessions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Philosophy Overview

    • Etymology: Derived from Greek, philos (love) and sophia (wisdom), meaning "love of wisdom."
    • Definition: Science of all things, exploring ultimate causes through reason.
    • Subject Matter: Tangible (e.g., nature) and intangible (e.g., God, soul) phenomena.
    • Distinction: Investigates principles and causes beyond the scope of physical science.
    • Key Questions: Explores cosmological origins and moral reasoning.

    Historical Development of Philosophy

    • Pre-Socratic (600 - 500 BCE): Thinkers like Thales emphasized cosmological origins.
    • Classic Greek (400 - 300 BCE): Significant philosophers:
      • Socrates: Developed the Socratic method focused on ethics.
      • Plato: Established the Theory of Forms and the Academy.
      • Aristotle: Contributed to various sciences, influenced moral philosophy.
    • Hellenistic (300 BCE - 200 CE): Emergence of Stoicism and Skepticism.
    • Roman (200 BCE - 500 CE):
      • Cicero: Adapted Greek philosophy to Rome.
      • Augustine: Shifted focus towards Christian thought.
    • Medieval (500 - 1500): Prominent figures like Thomas Aquinas synthesized Christian and Aristotelian ideas.
    • Renaissance (1700 - 1900): Debate between Rationalism (innate knowledge) and Empiricism (knowledge from experience).
    • Modern (1700 - 1900): Philosophers like Kant and Marx explored enlightenment and critiques of capitalism.
    • 20th Century: Emphasized human existence, power, and language with thinkers like Foucault and Sartre.

    Aristotle's Contributions

    • Polymath, studied under Plato, and tutor to Alexander the Great.
    • Focused on Metaphysics: Examined the essence and existence of beings.
    • Four Causes of Being:
      • Formal Cause: The form of an entity.
      • Material Cause: The substance of an entity.
      • Efficient Cause: The creator or source of the being.
      • Final Cause: The purpose or end of a being.
    • Ethics: Defined virtue as fulfilling proper function leading to happiness.

    Saint Augustine of Hippo

    • Early life marked by vices; converted through maternal prayers.
    • Philosophy emphasizes the soul as a divine gift granting reason.
    • Original sin conflicts with human desires leading to challenges in free will.
    • Belief in dualistic cities: imperfect city of man versus perfect city of God.

    Saint Thomas Aquinas

    • Dominican priest and pivotal figure in Christian philosophy.
    • Convergence of body and soul; posited the soul as the substantial form of the body.
    • Authority of the Catholic Church central to his philosophy.
    • articulated Five Ways to prove the existence of God (e.g. Ex Motu, Ex Causa).

    René Descartes

    • Father of Modern Philosophy; established analytical geometry.
    • Employed Methodic Doubt to achieve certainty in knowledge.
    • Famous for "Cogito, ergo sum" (I think, therefore I am).
    • Differentiated between body (mechanical) and mind (thinking).

    Human Person as Embodied Spirit

    • Distinction between general humanity, human beings, and individual persons.
    • Emphasizes self-awareness and the combination of body and soul.
    • Humanity can develop through self-awareness and moral choices.
    • Discusses philosophical implications of human existence and ethics.

    Relation to Environment

    • Environmental ethics explore the moral relationship between humans and non-human beings.
    • Anthropocentrism: Human significance in utilizing the environment.
    • Biocentrism: Recognizes the importance of all life forms, beyond just humans.

    Philosophical Themes

    • Emphasizes the quest for truth, moral reasoning, and the nature of existence.
    • Explores the impact of human actions on the environment and ethical responsibilities.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of philosophy, tracing its etymological roots to the Greek words for love and wisdom. It delves into the science that investigates both the tangible and intangible aspects of existence, including topics like God, the soul, and free will. Test your knowledge on the ultimate principles and causes that distinguish philosophy from physical sciences.

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