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Introduction to Philosophy
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Introduction to Philosophy

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes Socrates' view on morality?

  • There is no absolute morality; it varies by circumstance.
  • Morality is definite and based on equality and fairness. (correct)
  • Morality is defined by the wealthy.
  • Moral actions are only those that lead to carnal happiness.
  • What was a significant criticism that Socrates had against the Sophists?

  • They taught subjects that had no relevance in society.
  • They believed in absolute moral truths.
  • They emphasized the importance of reason over persuasion.
  • They claimed that only the wealthy deserved justice. (correct)
  • In what way did Socrates prefer to teach?

  • Through written dialogues with clear conclusions.
  • By providing absolute answers to his students.
  • Through a method of questioning known as the Socratic method. (correct)
  • By lecturing on philosophical theories.
  • According to Plato, what happens to the soul after death?

    <p>It is freed to return to the World of Ideas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the soul is associated with logic and wisdom in Plato's philosophy?

    <p>Rational</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to Socrates' execution in 399 BCE?

    <p>He was accused of heresy and corrupting the youth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plato's idea of the 'World of Forms' refers to what?

    <p>A metaphysical realm of ideal concepts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following virtues is associated with the Spirited part of the soul?

    <p>Courage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the unity of body and soul in man according to Saint Thomas Aquinas?

    <p>Embodied Soul</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which quality of God refers to the idea that He has no physical form?

    <p>Simple</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which law involves human participation of the Eternal Law?

    <p>Natural Law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which rational proof of God is based on the concept of an unmoved mover?

    <p>Ex Motu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Aquinas, which aspect of the soul remains after death?

    <p>Intellect and Will</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characterized by various degrees of perfection in the universe according to Aquinas?

    <p>Ex Gradu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle asserts that good should be done and pursued while evil should be avoided?

    <p>First Principles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes human existence according to Aquinas?

    <p>Unity and Eternal Fellowship with God</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'philosophy' etymologically mean?

    <p>The love of wisdom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosopher is associated with the theory of Forms?

    <p>Plato</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key concept did Thomas Aquinas contribute to philosophy during the Medieval period?

    <p>Synthesizing Christian thought with Aristotle's</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the Renaissance, which philosophical concept places man at the center of thought?

    <p>Anthropocentrism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosopher is noted for his work 'Critique of Pure Reason'?

    <p>Immanuel Kant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major societal focus did Michel Foucault's philosophy address?

    <p>Power and knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of inquiry is predominantly associated with Francis Bacon?

    <p>Empiricism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant shift occurred in philosophy during the Medieval period?

    <p>Shift towards Christianity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main philosophical focus of Karl Marx?

    <p>Historical materialism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosopher is known for the critique of religion and the concept of the Ubermensch?

    <p>Friedrich Nietzsche</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect is NOT included in the concept of the physical self?

    <p>Mental aspects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of the embodied spirit?

    <p>A combination of body and soul with self-awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does environmental ethics primarily seek to understand?

    <p>Moral relations of man to non-human beings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following philosophies emphasizes that man is the most significant in relation to the environment?

    <p>Anthropocentrism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main principle associated with ensuring that human activities do not disrupt natural environmental flows?

    <p>Environmental Integrity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the principles laid out, which concept deals with making prudent decisions to minimize waste?

    <p>Economic Efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Buddhism, what is the path followed to alleviate suffering?

    <p>The Eight-Fold Path</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does biocentrism advocate regarding the significance of organisms?

    <p>All living organisms have significance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the essence of Descartes' Method?

    <p>To doubt everything until certain knowledge is achieved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Descartes argue about the relationship between God and perfection?

    <p>God is perfect because He exists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of 'Methodic Doubt'?

    <p>A systematic approach to finding undeniable truths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Descartes, what role does judgment play in human error?

    <p>Error occurs when will surpasses understanding in judgment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement reflects Descartes' distinction between body and mind?

    <p>Body functions mechanically while mind controls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What idea is central to Descartes' conception of personhood?

    <p>Self-awareness and thought characterize personhood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Descartes mean by 'I think therefore I am'?

    <p>Thinking is an assurance of existence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best captures Descartes' view on innate knowledge?

    <p>Innate knowledge exists independently of external influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Philosophy

    • Derived from Greek words philos (love) and sophia (wisdom), meaning "love of wisdom."
    • Explores ultimate causes of tangible and intangible phenomena through reason.
    • Investigates topics like God, the soul, society, and free will, transcending the realm of empirical science.
    • Employs natural cognition and moral reasoning seeking objective truth.
    • Engages with cosmological questions such as the origins of existence.

    History of Philosophy

    Pre-Socratic (600 - 500 BCE)

    • Key figures: Thales, Anaximander, Heraclitus, Pythagoras.
    • Thales posited water as the fundamental principle of all things.

    Classic Greek (400 - 300 BCE)

    • Key philosophers: Socrates (ethical focus), Plato (Theory of Forms), Aristotle (logic, ethics, and natural sciences).
    • Greek civilization reached its peak.
    • Shifted focus from cosmology to morality, culture, and tradition.
    • Introduced Hedonism, emphasizing pleasure, and promoted ethical considerations.

    Hellenistic (300 BCE - 200 CE)

    • Emergence of Stoicism and Skepticism philosophies.

    Roman (200 BCE - 500 CE)

    • Notable thinkers: Cicero (adaptation of Greek thought), Seneca (stoic ethics), Marcus Aurelius (reflections in "Meditations"), Augustine of Hippo (Christian thought).
    • Roman philosophy improved upon Greek foundations, introducing Christianity as a central theme.

    Medieval (500 - 1500 CE)

    • Key philosophers include Thomas Aquinas (Christian and Aristotelian synthesis) and Anselm of Canterbury (ontological argument).
    • Philosophy became intertwined with the teachings of the Catholic Church and God-centric beliefs.
    • Human understanding was limited by ecclesiastical doctrines, leading to the "Death of Science."

    Renaissance (1700 - 1900 CE)

    • Key philosophers: Niccolò Machiavelli (political science), Francis Bacon (empiricism, scientific method), John Locke (theory of mind), René Descartes (Cartesian dualism).
    • Marked by a revival of Greek and Roman thought, and debates between Rationalism and Empiricism.
    • Emphasized Anthropocentrism, focusing on human-centered views.

    Modern (1700 - 1900 CE)

    • Influential figures: Immanuel Kant (critical philosophy), David Hume (religious skepticism), Karl Marx (historical materialism), Friedrich Nietzsche (critique of religion).
    • Emphasis on freedom and the challenge against colonialism.

    20th Century and Beyond

    • Notable philosophers: Michel Foucault (power and society), Jacques Derrida (deconstruction), Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir.
    • Focus on understanding human actions and existence, along with ethical skepticism.

    Socrates

    • Recognized as the father of Western philosophy, emphasizing morality.
    • Advocated for reason and virtue over hedonism, critiquing the Sophists.
    • Introduced the concept of a definitive morality and justice rooted in equality and fairness.
    • Executed in 399 BCE for corrupting youth and heretical beliefs.

    Plato

    • Successor of Socrates, teacher of Aristotle; introduced Dualism.
    • Distinction between the World of Ideas (metaphysical, perfect) and World of Senses (physical, imperfect).
    • Concept of the soul as the essence of a person, experiences "The Fall" into the physical realm and "The Liberation" through death.

    Saint Thomas Aquinas

    • Dominican priest known for "Summa Theologica."
    • Synthesized Aristotelian philosophy with Christian theology.
    • Assertion that humans are embodied souls, possessing intellect and will.
    • Defined God's qualities, including simplicity, perfection, and unity.
    • Developed laws: Eternal, Natural, Human, and Divine Laws, outlining the rational proofs for the existence of God.

    René Descartes

    • Father of Modern Philosophy, blended mathematician and scientist.
    • Introduced analytical geometry and focused on rationalism and innate knowledge.
    • Established Methodic Doubt, emphasizing skepticism of sensory experiences and subjective beliefs.
    • Famous proposition: "Cogito, ergo sum" ("I think, therefore I am").

    Human Person as Embodied Spirit

    • Concept of humanity distinguished by self-awareness and moral agency.
    • Embodied spirit, combining body and soul, central to human identity.
    • Explored through varying perspectives, such as Creation (Adam and Eve) and Evolution (common ancestry with apes).
    • Highlights the intrinsic value and dignity of human existence.

    Human Person and the Environment

    • Philosophy investigates the moral relationship between humans and the environment.
    • Environmental ethics promote understanding of humanity's role in ecological stewardship.
    • Concepts of Anthropocentrism, Biocentrism, and Ecocentrism illustrate varying views on human significance relative to nature.
    • Principles emphasize environmental integrity, economic efficiency, and equity for future generations.

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