Philosophy of Self and Nature Quiz

Study Notes

Explores the identity, essence, and individuality of a person, encompassing philosophical, psychological, and scientific perspectives.

Examines foundational philosophical questions regarding the nature of self and consciousness through various thinkers.

Advocated for self-knowledge and understanding one's own virtue as fundamental to personal identity.

Presented the theory of forms, suggesting that true reality is found in abstract forms, impacting one's understanding of the self.

Emphasized the importance of reason and autonomy, asserting that the self must navigate moral duties and personal identity through rational thought.

Famous for the phrase "Cogito, ergo sum" (I think, therefore I am), positing thought as the essence of self and existence.

Argued against the notion of a permanent self, viewing identity as a collection of perceptions and experiences.

Proposed that identity is tied to consciousness and memory, suggesting that personal identity extends over time based on self-awareness.

Emphasizes the spiritual dimension of self, asserting a divine aspect to human identity and morality based on scripture.

Integrated classical philosophy with Christian thought, viewing the self through the lens of sin, grace, and the pursuit of God.

Investigates the inner workings of the self through various theories of personality and development.

Developed a model of the psyche consisting of the id (internal desires), ego (reality), and superego (conscience), influencing understanding of human behavior.
Id
- Represents innate, primal urges and desires, operating on the pleasure principle.
Ego
- Mediates between the id and reality, functioning based on the reality principle to satisfy desires in socially acceptable ways.
Superego
- The moral component of personality, encompassing the conscience and ideals, reflecting societal standards.

Oral
- Focus on oral stimulation, such as nursing.
Anal
- Centers on control and independence during potty training.
Phallic
- Involves exploration of gender identity and sexual feelings.
Latency
- A period of social development without sexual focus.
Genital
- Maturation of sexual interests and establishment of relationships.

Proposed a psychosocial development theory with eight stages spanning a person’s entire lifespan.

Development results from a combination of heredity (nature) and environment (nurture).

Science combines intellectual study and practical application to understand physical and natural worlds through observation and experimentation.

Physical Science: Focuses on biological factors and mechanisms of growth.
- Neurophilosophy: Investigates the intersection of neuroscience and philosophical questions about the mind.
- Psychoneuroimmunology: Studies interactions between psychological processes and the immune system.
Social Science: Analyzes societal structures, cultures, and interpersonal relationships.
- Psychology: Examines mental processes and behaviors.
- Sociology: Investigates social institutions and relationships.
- Anthropology: Studies cultures and human behavior.
- Political Science: Analyzes systems of governance and political behavior.
- Economics: Investigates production, distribution, and consumption of goods.