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Questions and Answers
What does the mind and body dualism theory primarily emphasize?
What is defined as 'something made of many parts that is more than the sum of its parts'?
Which aspect of holistic development pertains to physical attributes?
What is primarily distinguished from feelings and moods?
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What does the term 'attitudes' encompass?
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Which is NOT one of the ten basic values identified by Shalom Schwartz?
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Which basic value is associated with social status and prestige?
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What does the term 'universalism' emphasize?
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Which psychological aspect deals with interactions between thinking, feeling, and behaving?
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Hedonism as a basic value primarily refers to what?
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Study Notes
Mind and Body Dualism
- Rene Descartes proposed the theory of duality, simplifying the nature of existence into two distinct entities: mind and body.
- Descartes' dualism has significantly influenced modern philosophical thought.
Holism and Gestalt
- General Jan C. Smuts coined the term "holism" in 1926, emphasizing that wholes are greater than mere sums of their parts through creative evolution.
- The concept of gestalt, introduced by Christian von Ehrenfels and further developed by psychologists like Max Wertheimer, highlights that a whole can have qualities distinct from its individual components.
Aspects of Holistic Development
- Physiological: Refers to the physical attributes including the five senses.
- Cognitive: Encompasses the intellectual functions of the mind.
- Psychological: Examines the interplay of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors within an individual.
- Social: Describes how individuals interact with others or groups.
- Spiritual: Concerns the aspects of consciousness and personal beliefs.
Basic Drives and Affect
Feelings and Emotions
- Feelings, moods, and emotions are distinct; emotions derive from the Latin movare, meaning to move or agitate.
Attitudes and Behavior
- Attitudes represent a person's thoughts and feelings towards people, objects, or situations, influenced by values and beliefs.
- Behavior is the expression of these attitudes in action.
Values and Virtues
- Shalom Schwartz identified ten basic values, characterized by their central motivational goals.
10 Basic Values
- Self-Direction: Emphasizes independent thought and actions.
- Stimulation: Highlights the importance of excitement, novelty, and challenge.
- Hedonism: Focuses on personal pleasure and gratification.
- Achievement: Involves success and competence based on social standards.
- Power: Relates to social status and prestige.
- Security: Concerns safety, harmony, and stability.
- Conformity: Involves restraint to prevent harming others.
- Tradition: Respects customs and beliefs from culture or religion.
- Benevolence: Aims to enhance the welfare of close personal connections.
- Universalism: Encourages understanding and protecting the welfare of all people and nature.
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Description
Explore key concepts in philosophy including Descartes' dualism and Smuts' theory of holism. Understand how these theories impact our understanding of mind-body relationships and holistic development across several dimensions. Test your knowledge on these pivotal philosophical ideas.
