Philosophy of Knowledge in Psychology

Nativism = All knowledge is innate Empiricism = All knowledge is acquired through experience Dualism = Mind and body are separate Reflexology = Humans are reflexive mechanisms governed by natural laws

Plato = Nativism; knowledge is innate Aristotle = Empiricism; knowledge is acquired through experience Descartes = Dualism; mind and body are separate Locke = Empiricism; knowledge is acquired through sensory experience

Contiguity = Association based on the closeness of events in time or space Repetition = Increased strength of association with repeated pairings Vividness = Stronger association based on how striking or memorable an experience is Similarity = Association based on shared qualities or characteristics

<p>Structuralism = Analysis of the basic components of consciousness Behaviorism = Study of observable behavior and its environmental influences Associationism = Emphasis on the process of associating ideas and experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Watson = Pioneered behaviorism; focused on observable behavior and S-R associations Thorndike = Instrumental conditioning; Law of Effect emphasizing the role of reinforcement Pavlov = Classical conditioning; demonstrated learned associations between stimuli and responses Lloyd Morgan = Cannon of parsimony; Occam's razor; simpler explanations are preferred</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pavlovian Conditioning = Learning through associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus Instrumental Conditioning = Learning through the consequences of actions; reinforcement Systematic Introspection = Methodological approach to studying the structure of consciousness Associationism = Focus on the principles of association and how they lead to learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conditioned Stimulus (CS) = Previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) = Stimulus that reliably elicits an unconditioned response Conditioned Response (CR) = Learned response to a previously neutral stimulus Unconditioned Response (UCR) = Natural, unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Law of Effect = Responses that are followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated S-R Connections = Learned associations between a stimulus and a response Reinforcement = Consequences that strengthen the likelihood of a behavior Contingency = Relationship between a behavior and its outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spontaneous Recovery = The reappearance of a habituated response after a period of time without exposure to the stimulus. Supernormal Stimulus = An exaggerated version of a sign stimulus that elicits an even stronger response. Dishabituation = A temporary increase in responding to a habituated stimulus after exposure to a novel stimulus. Sign Stimulus = A specific feature of a stimulus that elicits a particular response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elicited Behaviors = Automatic and pre-determined responses to stimuli. Emitted Behaviors = Voluntary and flexible behaviors. Appetitive Behaviors = Early components of a behavioral sequence, often flexible and species-specific. Consummatory Behaviors = Later components of a behavioral sequence, typically more reflexive and universal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory Adaptation = A decline in sensitivity to a stimulus due to prolonged exposure, not considered learning. Motor Fatigue = Temporary decrease in response due to repeated muscle contractions, not considered learning. Habituation = A decrease in response magnitude to a stimulus with repeated presentations, considered a form of learning. Dishabituation = A temporary increase in responding to a habituated stimulus after exposure to a novel stimulus, demonstrating that habituation is not due to sensory adaptation or motor fatigue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sign Stimulus = The red belly of a male stickleback fish, which elicits aggression from other males. Supernormal Stimulus = A model of an egg that is larger and more brightly colored than a real egg, which elicits a stronger brooding response from a bird. Appetitive Behavior = Searching for food in a specific location. Consummatory Behavior = Chewing and swallowing food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory (Afferent) Neuron = Carries information from the sensory receptors to the spinal cord. Interneuron = Connects sensory and motor neurons in the spinal cord. Motor (Efferent) Neuron = Carries information from the spinal cord to muscles or glands to produce a response. Reflex = An automatic response to a specific stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modal Action Patterns (MAPs) = Reflexive response sequences that are typical of a particular species. Species-Typical Behaviors = Another term for Modal Action Patterns. Eliciting Stimulus = A stimulus that triggers a specific reflexive response. Sign Stimulus = A specific feature of a stimulus that elicits a particular response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Opponent-Process Theory = Theory explaining affective dynamics through a-process and b-process Sensitization = Increased response to a stimulus with repeated exposure Habituation = Decreased response to a stimulus after repeated exposure Dual-Process Theory = Explains both sensitization and dishabituation in response systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Resting Membrane Potential = State of a neuron at rest, not transmitting a signal Action Potential = Rapid rise and fall in membrane potential during signal transmission Synaptic Transmission = Process involving release of neurotransmitters at the synapse Ca2+ Influx = Critical factor for neurotransmitter release during synaptic activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Touch siphon = Gill withdrawal response decreases over trials Shock tail = Increased duration of gill withdrawal response Gill withdrawal = Reflex action influenced by habituation and sensitization Biochemical mechanisms = Changes in neurotransmitter release due to Ca2+ channel activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inactivation of Ca2+ channels = Leads to decreased neurotransmitter release during habituation Facilitatory interneuron activation = Increases action potential duration during sensitization Over-arching state system = Responsible for initial sensitization responses S-R (reflex) pathway = Pathway primarily affected by habituation processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aplysia = Neurobiological model used to study habituation and sensitization Neural Transmission = Mechanism underlying changes in response to stimuli Magnitude of response = Characteristic that increases in sensitization Standard Pattern of Affective Dynamics = Describes emotional responses in the opponent-process theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pavlovian Conditioning = Subject is passive Instrumental Learning = Subject has control over whether they receive the outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contingency = Instrumental Learning S-R Theory = Hull Cognitive Approach = Tolman Expectancies = Tolman</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>D = Drive sHr = Habit strength K = Motivation V = Salience of the stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>S-R Theory = Organisms are reflexive machines Cognitive Approach = Organisms are flexible and form expectancies Behavioral Approach = Pavlovian and Instrumental Learning are distinct Mathematical-Deductive Approach = Learning can be described by a mathematical formula</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>sIr = Conditioned inhibition IR = Fatigue Contingency = Response à Outcome; No Response à No Outcome sHr = Strength of the learned association between stimulus and response</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mathematical-Deductive Approach = Hull Cognitive Approach = Tolman Behavioral Approach = Skinner S-R Theory = Hull</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>D = Internal state of arousal sHr = Strength of the learned association between stimulus and response K = Motivational value of the outcome V = Stimulus intensity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>S-R Theory = Explaining learning as a simple association between a stimulus and a response Cognitive Approach = Understanding how organisms form expectancies and use them to guide behavior Behavioral Approach = Distinguishing between Pavlovian and Instrumental Learning Mathematical-Deductive Approach = Developing mathematical models to predict and describe learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

Theory that all knowledge is innate, as proposed by Plato.

Philosophy by Aristotle that all knowledge is acquired through experience.

Descartes' theory separating mind and body; mind controls actions through the body.

Scientific materialism suggesting humans act as reflexive machines.

Thorndike's principle stating behaviors with satisfying results are strengthened.

Learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes conditioned through association, as shown with dogs.

Connections between stimuli (S) and responses (R) that form the basis of learning.

Mills and Hartley identified: contiguity, repetition, vividness, similarity as key to learning.

The principle that learning occurs when two stimuli are presented together in time.

A learning process where the subject controls the outcomes based on their responses.

The principle that determines whether a response will produce an outcome.

An approach to explain behavior using mathematical formulas, incorporating learning and performance variables.

An approach that views animals as capable of forming expectancies and making associations without direct reinforcement.

Associations formed between two stimuli that do not require reinforcement to occur.

The argument that sometimes animals behave reflexively, questioning the flexibility theory.

A theory explaining the emotional response to stimuli as a balance between primary (a-process) and opposing (b-process) reactions.

Increased response to a stimulus after repeated exposure, differing from habituation.

A decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentation, leading to desensitization.

A theory by Groves and Thompson explaining habituation and sensitization through different pathways: S-R and state system.

Neurobiological model using sea slugs to study habituation and sensitization through gill withdrawal reflex.

A change in behavior that signifies acquisition of knowledge.

Automatic and pre-determined responses triggered by stimuli.

Voluntary and flexible responses that can be shaped by the environment.

An automatic response linked to a specific stimulus.

A neural pathway that controls reflex actions.

Restoration of response after a distraction, following habituation.

A specific feature needed to trigger a modal action pattern.