Plato's Theory of Knowledge - Reminiscence, Nativism, and Idealism

<p>He believed in education for children with high aptitude only</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The soul is part of the perfect realm of the abstract world, but it is in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Introspection is used to access the perfect realm of the abstract world</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To keep an object moving or developing until it reaches its full potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nature is arranged in a hierarchy ranging from neutral matter to the unmoved mover</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A sensitive soul can respond to the environment, experience pleasure and pain, and have a memory, while a vegetative soul cannot</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perception is explained by the motion of objects that stimulates the senses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To possess all the functions of the vegetative and sensitive souls, plus the ability to think and have rational thought</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To understand ourselves, though Aristotle understood its limited value</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He received training in medicine and became Plato's student at 17</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Macedonians associated him with Alexander, who had conquered their area</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both were focused on the essence of truth, but Aristotle believed that forms could be discovered by looking outward, not inward</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He studied alchemy until Plato died, then biology and medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He viewed it in a much more positive light than Plato</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He added substantially to almost every field</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That prophecies in dreams are often just coincidences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Happiness is doing what is natural because it fills one's purpose</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rational powers can be used to inhibit appetites</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The best life is lived in moderation, the 'golden Mean'</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emotions provide a motive for acting and may influence perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Specifying a problem and proposing solutions to refute it</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They could not be discovered by looking at only one case</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plato believed knowledge existed independently of nature, while Aristotle saw them as inseparable</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aristotle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The conscious intention</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plato saw the body as a hindrance, while Aristotle saw it as essential</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To keep an object moving until it reaches its full potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At the top, as the closest to the unmoved mover</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vegetative souls are possessed by plants, while sensitive souls are possessed by animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perception is explained by the motion of objects that stimulates the senses</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To have the ability to think and have rational thought</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The text does not provide enough information to determine the key difference between Plato's and Aristotle's views on this</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wrote the first psychology book <em>De Anima</em> (On the Soul)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Macedonians associated him with Alexander, who had conquered their area</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plato focused on the essence of truth by looking inward, while Aristotle looked outward by studying nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He received training in medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He viewed it in a much more positive light</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He tutored Alexander the Great for four years</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emotions provide a motive for acting but may influence perception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>We can use our rational powers to inhibit appetites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The best life is lived in moderation and balance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Happiness is doing what is natural because it fills one's purpose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proposing solutions to a problem and attempting to refute those solutions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are coincidences and not meaningful.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rational component</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A utopian society</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Knowledge is acquired through introspection and recollection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The soul and body are separate entities</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To be freed from the wants of the flesh</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Education is not necessary for those with low aptitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To engage in active reason and find pleasure in it</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aristotle believed the soul had no memory after death while Plato believed it did</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory information is necessary but not sufficient to attain knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It was the logic itself that gave everything meaning</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Memory was a spontaneous recollection of previously experienced events</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The body was a vessel for the immortal, active reason part of the soul</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avicenna viewed the active intellect as having theological qualities and allowing humans to understand the cosmic plan and have a relationship with God.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Averroës believed that the active intellect was the same for everyone, so nothing personal survives death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maimonides sought to reconcile Judaism with Aristotelian philosophy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Averroës observed that those who survived smallpox were thereafter immune to the disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avicenna used music as therapy for melancholic patients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Averroës believed that all human experiences reflect God's influence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anselm</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Efforts were made to modify the works and, in modified form, they were incorporated into church dogma (scholasticism)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dialectic method: examining arguments and counterarguments as a way of clarifying issues and arriving at valid conclusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conceptualism: the claim that universal essences do not exist, but similarities among categories of experiences do, and, based on these commonalities, we form concepts</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abelard was castrated by Fulbert and his aides as revenge</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abelard was ordered to stop teaching and writing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They were lovers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plato believed in the existence of universals, while Aristotle denied their existence</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reconcile contradictory theological views</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Realism believed that essences (universals) exist independently of individual instances, while nominalism believed that universals are nothing more than verbal labels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abelard was forced to become a monk and Heloise became a nun</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By studying the empirical world</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plato believed the body and soul were separate, while Aristotle saw them as interconnected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To show the hierarchy of different types of souls</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory information was important but needed to be combined with reason</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cicero agreed with Aristotle on most of his philosophical ideas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>That God's existence can be logically proven from the mere concept of God.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Developing a comprehensive review of Aristotle's works and interpretations by Islamic and Jewish scholars</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It divided reason and faith, allowing them to be studied separately</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Universals are nothing more than verbal labels used to describe common features of experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He believed that sensory experiences alone provided information about the world</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aquinas believed reason should be subservient to faith, while Occam believed they should be studied separately</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To strengthen the position of the church by admitting reason as a means of understanding God</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aristotle believed the senses needed to be supplemented by reason, while Occam believed the senses alone were sufficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plato believed the soul and body were separate and independent, while Aristotle believed they were inseparable</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To demonstrate the differences between humans and lower animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It strengthened the position of the church by admitting reason as a means of understanding God</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A period of decline in learning, with the Christian church wielding significant power</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Crusades brought the West back into contact with Greek philosophy, including Aristotle's writings</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They translated, studied, and expanded on the ancient wisdom of Greece and Rome, making significant advancements in fields like medicine, science, and mathematics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modifying and expanding on Aristotle's philosophy in ways that persisted for centuries</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He was a polymath who wrote extensively on a variety of subjects, including medicine, mathematics, logic, metaphysics, and others</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To advance practical fields like medicine, science, and mathematics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Christian church attempted to Christianize Aristotle's writings in order for them to be accepted in the West</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Roman empire focused more on preserving and spreading Greek and Roman culture, while the Islamic empire focused on practical fields</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A combination of factors, including the collapse of Roman law, the rise of local customs, and the Christian church's control over education and thought</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Islamic philosophers attempted to make Aristotle's writings compatible with Islam, while the Christian church tried to Christianize them</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retentive imagination</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By associating objects or events with pain or pleasure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The creative combination of information from common sense and retentive imagination</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To make judgements about environmental objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compositive animal imagination</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compositive human imagination</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He conducted detailed observations of nature following Aristotle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reconciling faith and reason</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Possession of rational souls</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Explanations should be as parsimonious (simple) as possible</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>&quot;They should be 'shaved' from explanations</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Universals are nothing more than verbal labels'</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Sensory experiences alone provide information about the world'</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Separation of faith and reason'</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Occam said God's existence must be accepted on faith'</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He interpreted religious texts allegorically when they conflicted with reason.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If we can think of something, there must be a real thing causing that thought.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through faith, reason, and studying the empirical world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He used logic to support beliefs he already held through faith.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prove the existence of God through logical reasoning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He rejected anything in religious texts that contradicted reason.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allowed humans to understand the cosmic plan and enter a relationship with God</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both a and b</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Only the active intellect aspect survives death</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Identifying the retina as the light-sensitive part of the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reconcile Judaism with Aristotelian philosophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He anticipated modern concerns about psychosomatic disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Christian church wielded tremendous power and limited education to only priests, monks, and nobility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It was during the Crusades that Aristotle's writings were rediscovered by the West.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Avicenna made modifications to Aristotle's philosophy that persisted for hundreds of years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Islamic scholars directly translated and studied Aristotle's writings, while the Christian scholars tried to Christianize them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reconcile the differences between Aristotle's philosophy and Christian theology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plato believed the soul and body were separate, while Aristotle believed they were inseparable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aristotle believed sensory information was necessary but not sufficient for attaining knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plato focused on abstract ideas, while Aristotle focused on the physical world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Realism held that universals are real, while nominalism held that only particulars are real.</p> Signup and view all the answers