Philosophy of Empiricism and Nativism
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Philosophy of Empiricism and Nativism

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Questions and Answers

What concept did Kant argue is pre-programmed in our minds?

  • Idealism
  • Materialism
  • Empiricism
  • Causality (correct)
  • What term do psychologists use to describe the debate about whether knowledge is innate or acquired?

  • Mind vs. Body
  • Free Will vs. Determinism
  • Causation vs. Correlation
  • Nature vs. Nurture (correct)
  • How did William James contribute to the emergence of psychology as a science?

  • He focused on introspection and subjective experience.
  • He emphasized functionalism and natural selection. (correct)
  • He rejected scientific methods in psychological research.
  • He developed the theory of Structuralism.
  • Which philosopher's ideas align with the belief that some knowledge is hardwired into our brains?

    <p>Immanuel Kant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary method used in Structuralism during psychological studies?

    <p>Introspection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following concepts refers to the idea that an individual's thoughts and behaviors are determined by both genetic and environmental factors?

    <p>Determinism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach emphasizes the role of sensory experience in acquiring knowledge?

    <p>Empiricism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact did Hermann Ebbinghaus have on the field of psychology?

    <p>He emphasized the scientific study of memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What methodology was used in the My Teaching Partner program to assess its effectiveness?

    <p>Teachers were randomly assigned to a program or a control group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is psychology described as a unique science compared to physics?

    <p>It has a more complex subject matter, the human mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of psychology has contributed to its evolution significantly over time?

    <p>The trial and error process in understanding human behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'structuralism' refer to in psychology?

    <p>An approach that studies the structure of mental processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What general trend occurred in psychology according to the content?

    <p>It experienced revolutions and counter-revolutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason why social sciences like psychology are not considered 'perfect'?

    <p>Human behavior is too complex to analyze completely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of psychoanalytic theory as introduced by Freud?

    <p>Unconscious thoughts and their impact on behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best embodies the concept of natural selection in psychology?

    <p>The ability of an individual to survive and reproduce based on advantageous traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does philosophical empiricism suggest about the nature of knowledge?

    <p>Knowledge is acquired through experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What metaphor does John Locke use to describe a newborn's mind?

    <p>A tabula rasa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosopher opposed Lockean empiricism by arguing for innate knowledge?

    <p>Immanuel Kant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Kant, what must humans already possess to learn about causation?

    <p>Innate knowledge of causation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic idea behind behaviorism?

    <p>Behavior is learned through reinforcement and punishment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact did John Locke's writings have on American political philosophy?

    <p>They influenced the separation of church and state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do experiences play in philosophical empiricism?

    <p>They serve as the foundation for knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following illustrates the principle of reinforcement?

    <p>A dog sits and receives a treat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition did Charcot and Janet study that indicated a loss of function with no physical origin?

    <p>Hysteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of the 'blank slate' theory proposed by Locke?

    <p>Knowledge is formed through sensory experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Kant’s view differ from that of Locke regarding knowledge acquisition?

    <p>Kant argues for some innate knowledge in humans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Freud, what is the unconscious?

    <p>The segment of the mind containing repressed memories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Freud believed that hysterical symptoms were linked to what type of memories?

    <p>Unconscious memories of painful childhood experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant contribution of Sigmund Freud to psychology?

    <p>Development of psychoanalytic theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best characterizes the focus of structuralism and functionalism in psychology?

    <p>Understanding the structures and functions of the mind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the public's awareness of psychology during the 19th century is true?

    <p>Only a small circle of academics showed interest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Freud's view of conscious thoughts and feelings?

    <p>They are trivial compared to the unconscious.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method did Freud use to explore the unconscious mind?

    <p>Psychoanalysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Freud's therapeutic sessions, where did the patient typically lie?

    <p>On a couch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the title of Freud's first major book?

    <p>The Interpretation of Dreams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Freud believe the contents of dreams represented?

    <p>Insights into the unconscious mind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of urges did Freud associate with the unconscious mind?

    <p>Forbidden sexual urges and anxieties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many copies of Freud's The Interpretation of Dreams were sold in the first eight years?

    <p>600</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was William James' opinion on Freud's theories?

    <p>He admired some insights but deemed most theorizing nonsense.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Empiricism vs. Nativism

    • Philosophical empiricism posits that knowledge is derived from experience; John Locke argued that newborns are tabula rasa, a "blank slate" written upon by experience.
    • Locke's view emphasized that knowledge of objects, like books, is acquired through interactions rather than innate understanding.
    • Philosophical nativism, championed by Immanuel Kant, asserts that some knowledge is innate; humans are born with essential concepts like space and time, necessary for further learning.
    • Modern psychology tends to favor nativism, acknowledging that while experience plays a crucial role, some knowledge appears to be hardwired into the brain.

    Psychology's Historical Development

    • Psychology's roots extend back thousands of years, but its recognition as a distinct science began approximately 150 years ago with German scientists using scientific methods to study the human mind.
    • Structuralism sought to identify the mind's structure through methods like introspection, which involves examining one’s conscious thoughts.
    • The decline of structuralism occurred due to its subjective nature and the rise of functionalism, influenced by Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection.

    Psychoanalysis and Behaviorism

    • Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the unconscious mind's influence on behavior, rooted in repressed childhood memories.
    • Freud introduced the notion of psychoanalysis for uncovering hidden thoughts through techniques such as free association and dream analysis.
    • Freud's early works had limited initial impact, with his first book, The Interpretation of Dreams, selling only 600 copies in eight years, but later gained significant recognition.

    Key Psychological Concepts

    • Natural selection plays a foundational role in functionalism, focusing on how mental processes evolve to adapt to environments.
    • The study of human behavior aims to integrate rigorous methodologies, illustrating the complexity of psychology compared to physical sciences.
    • Modern psychology acknowledges the significance of empirical research while also recognizing the challenges of measuring human behavior scientifically.

    Contemporary Perspectives

    • The debate between nature and nurture addresses the extent to which genetic predispositions versus environmental factors shape knowledge and behavior.
    • Ongoing research continues to explore the intricate balance between innate knowledge and experiential learning across psychological fields, including developmental psychology.

    Notable Figures

    • John Locke contributed to foundations of empiricism, influencing American ideals like “the pursuit of happiness.”
    • Immanuel Kant criticized strict empiricism by proposing that certain understanding is a priori, enabling us to learn from experience.
    • William James recognized the importance of blending scientific approaches with psychological study, marking a transition in methodology.

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    Description

    Explore the concepts of philosophical empiricism and nativism in this thought-provoking quiz. Understand how our perceptions shape knowledge and reality, and learn about the implications of these ideas through everyday examples. Test your grasp of these fundamental philosophical theories.

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