Philosophy of Kant and Existentialism

Kant believes that if the mind unifies and organizes sensory experience it must itself be a single, unified awareness.

The pre-modern worldview is characterized by the belief that the world has inherent value and is an ordered whole.

Velasquez draws a parallel between the imprisonment described in Plato's myth and Janis's concept of groupthink, highlighting the tendency of cohesive groups to become increasingly out of touch with reality.

<p>Schopenhauer contends that the two primary tasks of life are striving to gain and maintain, and avoiding boredom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metaphysical idealism posits that only minds and their ideas exist, and the existence of a thing is dependent on it being perceived.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Schopenhauer argues that this belief is mistaken because it projects conditions which structure phenomena onto the noumenal world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sartre believes that one's choices and actions serve as a model for behavior for everyone, suggesting a strong sense of personal responsibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atheistic existentialism argues that because there is no God, individuals are free to determine their own human nature through choices for which they stand accountable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Previously discussed, a priori knowledge is known independently of sense perception and is considered knowledge of what is necessarily true and indubitable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Happiness is described as negative by Schopenhauer because for him it is the negation or abolition of pain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If valid, Anselm's demonstration would be an example of a priori knowledge because it would demonstrate a truth that is known independently of sense experience and is necessarily true.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nietzsche believes that Greek Tragedy can vividly reveal the horror and truth of existence without destroying us in the process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Despite the possibility of deception, Descartes asserts that he cannot doubt his own existence as a thinking thing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The second movement of faith involves passion and the belief that God will grant you the very things you truly desire in this life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The word philosophy originates from the ancient Greek word for love of wisdom.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rise of science challenged the pre-modern worldview by providing new ways of understanding the world, which were not always consistent with traditional religious and philosophical views.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Socrates argues that true opinion is believing something to be true without understanding the reason, while knowledge is understanding those reasons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Schopenhauer omits the presence of order and intelligence found in the natural world as evidence for a divine order.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Socratic wisdom consists in knowing that you lack knowledge, or knowing the limits of your knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rise of the centralized state and industrial societies begins to challenge the pre-modern world view by providing a new context for human existence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sartre's existentialism posits that existence precedes essence, meaning it is up to each human being to determine their own purpose and create their own identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hume argues that any philosophical term that cannot be traced back to an actual sense impression must be regarded with suspicion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interpreted as a loss of absolutes in the world, it suggests that what was once considered definitive or fixed in the world has been challenged by new interpretations and shifting values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Descartes argues that only a perfect being could have given us the idea of perfection, suggesting that our concept of perfection implies the existence of its source.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>While Hume argues that causality is just a psychological habit, Kant proposes that it is a structure of any rational mind that unifies and organizes sensory experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Schopenhauer contends that the pains we experience in life have a greater overall impact on us than the pleasures we experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Schopenhauer's philosophy shares similarities with Buddhist philosophy in identifying craving and want as the source of suffering.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The epistemological source of a belief refers to what justifies or supports the truth of that belief, providing a basis for its validity and acceptance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Schopenhauer believes that animals experience less pain because they have a lesser degree of intellect and therefore experience a narrower range of emotions than humans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Locke argues that the fact that we can talk and think about the same kinds of things, despite having different experiences, indicates that there are no innate ideas that all humans share.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kierkegaard emphasizes the importance of drawing on faith in God to fully realize oneself as a human being.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transcendental Idealism argues that the mind (reason) structures our sense experiences of the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Apollonian is associated with clarity, light, boundaries, stability, and form, representing an ordered and harmonious aspect of human experience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Locke's theory posits that our ideas are prompted by things external to us and can accurately represent these things although not necessarily in a complete or perfect manner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>According to Langer, X and Y share the same logical form when X is an analogy for Y, implying that they have a similar structure or pattern of relationships, though the content may be different.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kierkegaard believes that being eternal, full of possibility, and subject to necessity are all essential aspects of being human.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kant understands time as a structural condition for having any sense experience whatsoever, arising from the mind alone and not being an object discovered through sense perception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In “Borges and I,” the author creates a divided portrait of himself, portraying 'Borges' as a public persona with distinct interests and preferences from 'I,' the private self.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Schopenhauer argues that the inner being of things must be singular because a plurality of things is only possible under the conditions of time and space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bad faith, as articulated by Sartre, is a form of self-deception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>For Schopenhauer, sense experiences are always structured by the subject-object condition, a concept that he believed Kant neglected.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sartre was an atheist existentialist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nietzsche argues that these attempts to deny our very nature and mark &quot;the death of Greek Tragedy&quot; by suppressing the spontaneous, passionate, and irrational aspects of human existence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>While acknowledging that individual death can end our life, Schopenhauer argues that our existence, embodied by our will or intrinsic being, continues to exist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Socrates highlights Menos failure to provide a single common essence that would define virtue, using the analogy of bees to show how we are often unable to grasp the true nature of things.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>According to Plato's Symposium, our striving for fame, honor, and legacies is ultimately rooted in our desire for immortality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Berkeley argues that there are no qualities existing independently of the perception of those qualities, implying that reality is subjective and shaped by individual perception.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The unchaining of the prisoner in Plato's cave allegory represents our own break from familiar, unthinking habits and assumptions, signifying a shift toward greater awareness and understanding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Socrates emphasizes the importance of not only arriving at true answers but also ensuring that all participants in the discussion understand and agree on the conclusion reached.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>These dialogues explore the complexity of love and its role in learning and gaining knowledge, highlighting how physical attraction can lead to a deeper pursuit of truth and beauty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kierkegaard argues that being human is a blend of finitude, temporality, and infinity, implying that our existence is characterized by a dynamic tension between limitation and potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Dionysian is associated with the chaotic and unrestrained aspects of human experience, including darkness, abandon, intoxication, formlessness, and instinct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Schopenhauer argues that the events and experiences of life are contingent and accidental, implying that we are subject to chance and unpredictable circumstances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In 'Borges and I,' the author creates a divided portrait of himself, where 'Borges' embodies the public persona and 'I' represents the private self, highlighting the complexities of self-identity and the tensions between our public and private selves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rationalism is the view that the faculty of reason is the most reliable way to gain knowledge of reality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>David Hume argues that one event causing another is not empirically supported, but merely a conjunction of events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hume contends that we cannot empirically support the idea of one event causing another. Instead, he believes that we merely perceive a conjunction of events, questioning the notion of direct causal links.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>For Kierkegaard, the purpose of human life is to become the authentic, unique, and passionate self that one is in relation to God.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metaphysics is a main area of philosophy that addresses questions about the nature of reality and being, delving into fundamental questions about existence, essence, and the nature of the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The first movement of faith involves withdrawing oneself from the things one truly desires in this life, acknowledging that earthly desires may not lead to genuine fulfillment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Locke defines primary qualities as properties that belong to an entity independently of any perceiver. The size of an object is an example of a primary quality, as its size is inherent to the object itself regardless of our perceptions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sartre defends existentialism by arguing that it empowers individuals to play a creative and active role in shaping their own meanings and values.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skepticism holds that no true or reliable knowledge of reality is possible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sartre believes that the human condition is comprised of both facticity and transcendence, acknowledging that we are both bound by our circumstances (facticity) and possess the freedom to choose (transcendence).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A final explanation, according to Aristotle, provides the ultimate purpose or end of a thing, explaining why it was made or designed, demonstrating its ultimate function or reason for being.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>According to Nietzsche, the two fundamental drives that shape human experience are the Apollonian and the Dionysian, representing the contrasting forces of order and chaos, reason and instinct, that shape our actions and perceptions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In Plato's 'Symposium,' intellectual communion is considered a stronger bond between people than physical communion because the offspring of intellectual communion (shared ideas and understanding) outlives the offspring of physical communion (children).</p> Signup and view all the answers